The Cultures of Public Organizations - 600 Words

The Cultures of Public Organizations All organizations have their unique cultural and structure that defines the company goals, values, beliefs, and vision. An organization’s culture provides the framework for a shared understanding of events and defines behavioral expectations (Shafritz, 2013, p. 64). When disruption of an organization’s culture occurs, they become susceptible to Clausewitz’s fog, or uncertainty. Moreover, the political pressures play an active role because the political demands or variations to organizational structure can contribute to competing information resulting in fog. The changes with culture or political demands effects organizations because they suffer from adequate resources and idiosyncrasies in†¦show more content†¦As anticipated, the competing policies among interest groups and organizations stimulate conflict and struggle. The conflicts and struggles permeate uncertainty of the organization’s vision and goals. Consequently, the uncertainty affe cts the decision-making process, i.e., an abundance of urgent information can potentially inundate the decision maker, resulting in poor decisions. To illustrate further, the fog contributed to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Challenger disaster because their management team had copious information that they could not process which resulted in faulty decision-making (Shafritz, 2013, p. 67). The thick fog permeated the NASA culture that adversely affected critical decisions by the decision makers. Political Pressure â€Å"Political pressure is public demand for government action on certain management or policy concerns.† (Political Pressure, 2012). The political pressures emerge and influence performance from pressures outside the public administrators, i.e.: lobbyist and other special interest groups or ensued from within the public administration, i.e.: public administrators pressuring lawmakers to pass fiscal appropriations. The factors that play a role in political pressures are competiveness, as depicted by NASA’s quest to beat the Soviet Union in the space race (Shafritz, 2013, p. 64), growing globalization, and demands for better services, lawsuits, and protests. PoliticalShow MoreRelatedWorking with Culture by Khademian: Book Review1232 Words   |  5 PagesKhademians book, Working With Culture, is similar to Selznicks Leadership in Administration, in that both focus on the less technical aspects of public administration (structure and hierarchy) and instead look at pro blems that arise between the lines so to speak - that of people within the organization, and more specific to her work; the idea of culture within an organization. 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Nehemiah’s Leadership Skills Free Essays

string(88) " ask permission from his master to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the wall of the city\." Nehemiah was the son of Hacaliah and he was also the cupbearer of the Persian king Artaxerxes. He was putting on a sad face and the king did not like that and asked him why he was sad, though afraid he answered that the city in which his fathers had been buried was a ruin so then he asked permission to go and rebuild the it. He played a decisive role in the rebuilding of Judah. We will write a custom essay sample on Nehemiah’s Leadership Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 444 B. C. the king appointed Nehemiah governor of Judah under the Persian Empire and permitted him to go to Jerusalem in order to help his fellow Jews. Upon his arrival Nehemiah secretly inspected the city walls which were still in ruins. This became known to his two arch-enemies, Sanballat and Tobiah, who repeatedly acted to foil his plans for rebuilding the walls (Neh 2:17-20); but despite their active opposition, Nehemiah succeeded in his building project, completing the work in 52 days (Neh chaps. 3-4), and stationed guards at the city gates and also enforced several of the laws, such as the payment due to the Levites, the observance of the Sabbath and the abolition of mixed marriages. He concluded his memoirs with a prayer to God to remember to his credit all of his efforts to strengthen divine law within Jerusalem . In order to repopulate Jerusalem, the number of whose inhabitants had dwindled greatly, he ordered that one out of every ten Jews should take up residence in the capital. He also instituted a series of religious and social reforms including the commitment to avoid intermarriage, the cancellation of debts owed by the poor, the support of the Temple cult, and the payment of tithes drawn up and sealed in a covenant (Neh chap. 10) and he then returned to Persia. After Nehemiah was given the permission to go and rebuild the city we see that he had some leadership qualities which helped him in the rebuilding process. Let us look at some few leadership skills which helped to navigate Nehemiah in the rebuilding of the city. Firstly and foremost, Nehemiah put God first and let Him lead him through prayer: The Book of Nehemiah starts and ends with prayer. And in between, Nehemiah often sends up quick prayers to heaven and asks for God’s help. â€Å"Do not pray for tasks equal to your powers,† said Phillips Brooks. â€Å"Pray for powers equal to your tasks. One mark of true spiritual leaders is their honest acknowledgment of their own inadequacy and their humble trust in the power of God He had courage: We can see that Nehemiah had courage firstly when he courageously told the king why he was sad and the king did not like to see sad faces and also he also took that opportunity to ask the king permission to go and rebuild the city and finally taking on the task of rebuilding the city shows that he had courage. Also . After the Israelites had begun rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem, some opposition arose from other occupants within the Palestine area. Nehemiah remained steadfast and courageous and rallied his people to continue the work He was determined: Nehemiah was determined because the work he was doing was a great work and he was serving a great God. He was determined because the city was in great reproach, and he wanted it to bring great glory to God. He was determined because he was part of a great plan that God had for the world as He worked through the Jewish nation. So, the next time you feel like quitting, remember Nehemiah and stay on the job until the work is finished to the glory of God. He had vision and saw the greatness of the work: No matter what God has called you to do, it’s a great work because it’s part of the building of His church; and that’s the greatest work in the world. If you lose the greatness of a vision, you will begin to cut corners in your work, stop making sacrifices, and start looking for something else to challenge you. Nehemiah realized that what he was doing was far bigger than simply repairing gates and rebuilding walls. He was serving the Lord God of heaven and getting the holy city ready for the coming of the Messiah! He submitted to authority: The call of God is not an invitation to become independent and ignore authority. Nehemiah respected the king and submitted his plans to him for his approval before he went to Jerusalem. Even more, Nehemiah submitted to the authority of the Word of God. He invited Ezra to teach the Law to the people so that they too would obey the will of God. It is a basic rule of life that those who exercise authority must themselves be under authority. Nehemiah was a man who was dependable because he was accountable. He was organized in his work: He planned his work and worked his plan, and God blessed him. We can see this when the king asked him how he would do it, he asked the king if he could have letters to the governors of Trans-Euphrates so that he would be provided for protection. Also, he wanted the kings approval to go to Asaph (the keeper of the king’s forest) so that he would be given timber to make beams for the gates of the citadel by the temple and for the city wall and the residence he would occupy, this shows that he had planned how he would start the building of the temple. He had passion: An important leadership principle displayed by Nehemiah was a deep passion for his God, his people, and his homeland. He heard of the destruction of the wall in Jerusalem and became overwhelmed with grief for the disgrace of God and his countrymen. This grief ignited a passion within Nehemiah to ask permission from his master to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the wall of the city. You read "Nehemiah’s Leadership Skills" in category "Papers" He was evaluative: Another important leadership principle shown by Nehemiah was that an effective leader evaluates a situation before acting. Nehemiah had received permission from his master to return to Jerusalem. When he arrived the first thing he did was to quietly take a private tour around the city wall to assess the damage and formulate a plan for rebuilding it. He enlisted others to work: An aspect of leadership principle displayed by Nehemiah was that effective leaders recruit and delegate responsibility to others. After Nehemiah had assessed the situation and formulated a plan of attack, he shared his plan with others and allowed them to help him with the work. Effective managers realize their need for others and that it takes many hands to accomplish a great task. He knew how to handle bad news: Life is full of bad news. It could be a small disappointment to a catastrophic occurrence, but when bad news comes your way, how do you respond? A strong leader is not only able to take the bad news, but wants to know it. Sticking your head in the sand is a sure sign of immaturity and lack of trust in God. He inspired camaraderie to people: One of the main leadership principles shown by Nehemiah was that effective leaders inspire camaraderie among his people. As mentioned above, Nehemiah led his people in the face of intense opposition; yet, by his leadership, the people did not run away, but continued the work until it was finished. They worked together with one person rebuilding his section of the wall, while his partner stood guard to protect him from attack. He shared what he had: Another leadership tenet displayed by Nehemiah was that top level managers share the rewards of success with their people. Effective leaders are kind and generous. Nehemiah demonstrated this trait by standing up for the poor against extortion and inviting large parties of people to eat at his table each meal. He stood fast on core values: We can see that Nehemiah stood fast in core values in that after the wall had been rebuilt, the Israelite people began to do things that were not pleasing to God. Nehemiah was deeply upset by this and called his people to account. References Henrietta C. Mears, What the bible is all about, Gospel Light Publications, U. S. A, 1998. Holy bible, New Revised Standard, U. S. A, 1989 The Holy Bible, New International Version, The Bible Society in Australia Inc Publishers, 1984. Richard H. Seume, Nehemiah, God’s Builder, Moody Press, Chicago, U. S. A, 1978 HOW I WOULD APPLY NEHEMIAH’S LEADRSHIP SKILLS IN MY OWN LIFE Firstly the most important leadership skill Nehemiah had according to me is that he put God first and let him lead him through prayer so I would use this skill by talking to God before facin g any situation and the reason I say this is an important leadership skill is because it is through this skill that we may get every other skill that follows. This way God will help you to do the task at hand. Also we see that also had something important and that was courage, so this helps me because I know courage is an important quality in a leader so I ask God for courage when tackling my tasks. Another thing is that I have to be determined to complete the task so that incase there as may occur any push back determination will lead you into completing the task and to do it well too. Something else that had was his vision we should also have vision in the work we are doing and we should like Nehemiah notice that the work we are doing has a higher purpose that what we look at directly, we can see that Nehemiah was not only rebuilding the walls but in depth was serving the lord and getting it ready for the messiah Jesus Christ. Another aspect in Nehemiah’s leadership qualities is his submitting to authority this shows we should respect and follow authority and not act like we are above it. We should also look at Nehemiah’s quality of self organization this shows me that in order for me to be a good leader or perform a task at my level best I should plan for my work as this will help you in accomplishing your goal. Another quality that Nehemiah displayed was passion, we should this to make us also have passion and this means we should have heart on what we do and do it with satisfaction. Again we see that Nehemiah was evaluative this means we should also follow this example by evaluating situation before jumping into conclusions and fully assessing them doing this will help you to perform the job effectively. Another thing is that like Nehemiah we should also entrust others with work this is done by delegating jobs to others tis shows that you trust them and this improves relation among workers. In many times there are always bad news so we need to know how to handle the bad news and we should talk to God to help us cope with them. As leaders we should inspire camaraderie among people this will strengthen our bonds and be able to look out for each other. To better ourselves using Nehemiah’s leadership quality of sharing what we have with others makes us better people and we should not look down upon people but treat them equally. In motivating others, we must always present the challenge and the benefit. I find that people really love to be challenged, to push the envelope and do what looks difficult or impossible. Presented in the right way, it will motivate people to join. And lastly as Nehemiah did, we should stand firm on core values and not be swayed to do the wrong things that would not please God but do God’s will. How to cite Nehemiah’s Leadership Skills, Papers

Texas Instruments Case Study Essay Example

Texas Instruments Case Study Essay Texas Instruments Facts: * The company was founded in 1930 as Geophysical Service Inc. * GSI used seisms signal processing technology to search for oil. * GSI was sold to four of its mangers eleven years after its formation. * Texas Instruments Incorporated is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. * The company has manufacturing, design and sales operations in more than 25 countries. * It has three separate business segments: (1) Semiconductor 85%. (2) Sensors amp; Controls 10%. (3) Educational amp; Productivity Solutions 5%. The Semiconductor segment accounts for the highest growth rate than its other two business segments. * It was the third-largest semiconductor company in 2004 in terms of revenue. * TI employs approximately 35,200 people worldwide, with about 16,100 in the United States. * Ti is ranked 83rd on the Fortune list of 100 Best Companies to work for in 2006. Problems: * Weak marketing campaigns in a very competitive industry. * The company depends on few customers for their revenues and its wasting opportunities. Sales are dropping due to low demand on computer ships. * Poor innovation in a highly competitive industry where it has to be more than good. * Poor research and development in an industry that has to be up to date. Solutions: * A strong marketing campaign that shows the companys history and their long years of experience. It could also be on how big the company got through the years and how they are the 3rd biggest company in the industry. * Aim for a wider target market and show more attention to more customers instead of focusing on one group of customers. Make contracts with laptop/PCs companies in order to sell more chips through these companies. * Invest in new technologies that could benefit the company in the long/short run. The company could also host a competition where people could compete with their new inventions which would be sponsored by the company and developed into a new technology or product. * Focus more on the Ramp;D and improve it to be one of the best in the industry. The company should put more effort in improving their Ramp;D to be able to succeed in this competitive industry. Resolution: We will write a custom essay sample on Texas Instruments Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Texas Instruments Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Texas Instruments Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After implementing the solutions listed above, Texas Instruments was ranked to be the number one company in the industry. The company was able to establish a new image showing customers that it’s the best and the most trusted company in the industry. Customers are trusting the company for their long years of experience and success. The company now has contracts with most of the cellphone companies and also contracts with Dell, Toshiba and Sony. The company is supplying the computer industry companies with chips and updated technology to compete with the other big companies. Texas Instruments has a competitive advantage over their competitors with the new technologies that are only offered through them. Texas Instruments has one of the most effective and helpful Ramp;D in the industry, they are updating their products and keeping them up to date. The company won several awards on their new inventions that helped improve technology all around the world. The company also expanded into more countries making it the biggest and the most trusted company in the industry. They are now in more countries and also helping those countries improve in their every day life. They are now aiding poor countries that needs help and support making through their everyday life. The company was also able to give out scholarships to big universities in order to have them help the company after they graduate. They started sending people to different universities around the world in order to gain more/new knowledge that could help improving the company from being good to being better.

Phenomenon of escalation Essays

Phenomenon of escalation Essays Phenomenon of escalation Essay Phenomenon of escalation Essay The decision by President Johnson to go into war did not solely cause the war. There were certain events that led to this final decision. Even though sending the combat troops could have made the deepest cut, the former administrations before that of President Johnson’s has contributed cracks to the Vietnam-United States relations. Unfortunately, it was President Johnson who created the fatal blow. Logevall (1999) also claims that President Johnson’s decision was an aftermath of the decisions made by the presidents that preceded him. He found himself in a situation where there was no longer turning back. There is a floating promise to save South Vietnam, way from the Kennedy regime. It was a promise that had to be kept. Badly for President Johnson, his decision to send combat troops became the cue. Most important among these events was the repeated declination to undergo negotiations for peace. Vietnam repeatedly insisted on peaceful negotiations. The United States had other things in mind. It did not want to surrender to the Vietnamese. From the time of President Kennedy, the war is impending. It was waiting for a button to be pushed. This is exactly what President Johnson did. (Logevall 1999) It may seem that the Vietnam War was already waiting to happen even way before it actually started. The agitation given to Vietnam was too much for the Northerners to bear. They wanted to put the Southerners in the communist republic. The Southerners did not want this, and so they tried to ask assistance from the United States. That is when the Vietnam War was Americanized. Figuring this, it is not wholly America’s brainchild. Americanizing the Vietnam War is a work of many master minds. Conclusion Three years into the war in 1967, President Johnson was desperate and seeking for a way to end the war albeit in a diplomatic way. Ho Chi Minh wrote to President Johnson and claimed that they do not support the intervention that the United States has brought Vietnam. Instead of nurturing unity, Ho Chi Minh claimed that the United States brought division and aggression. (Homestead, n. d. ) In the process, President Johnson ordered many ceasefires. However, bombings continued at times when the ceasefires themselves ceased. Vietnam requested for bombings to be stopped for it to open itself in negotiations and diplomatic reconciliation, yet American did not bother. The United States continued on with its initiatives. (Homestead, n. d. ) It may seem that President Johnson was himself surprised with the extent of consequence that resulted from his political decisions towards Vietnam. It may be said that President Johnson could have found himself so suddenly in a situation where he can no longer turn back. Yet, it is also important to consider that the Phenomenon of Escalation is a fact that cannot be denied. There were many opportunities of diplomatic arrangements even before President Johnson which were put off and disregarded. As Logevall (1999) puts it, there was a choice. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had the option to go into war or not. However speculative the reason may be in engaging into war, what is now clear is that the war has happened. Thousands of lives, both of the Vietnamese and the Americans, have suffered the consequences of death, trauma, and wounds. This being, it may not be right to put the sole blame on the Vietnam War to President Johnson. However, it will be sufficient to say that President Johnson was able to Americanize the Vietnam War. He was able to inject America, through its diligent and brave troops, in a war between torn Vietnam whose north end wanted to put the south end into communism- something the latter did not want. President Johnson also had many reasons in doing so. It was a personal decision, a decision that is influenced by President Johnson’s thinking that his personal failure is also America’s failure. The people also were not able to reinforce what they want to the president. The war happened before the people were able to enforce peace. Another reason is being put in a no-win situation, with which President Johnson had to choose the longer and harder way out. Lastly, the escalation phenomenon which the Vietnam war went through, finally leading to the Great War in President Johnson’s time, can also be accountable. For all the right and wrong reasons that he and the former presidents could have had, America has absolutely imprinted history in the pages of Vietnam’s history books. References Homestead. n. d. Retrieved October 28, 2007, from homestead. com/mywar/vietnam6. html Logevall, F. 1999. Choosing War: The lost chance for peace and the escalation of war in vietnam. (A review by Kimball, J. ) Retrieved October 28, 2007, from ess. uwe. ac. uk/GENOCIDE/reviewsw32. htm

Introduction to the Concept of Welfare Analysis

Introduction to the Concept of Welfare Analysis When studying markets, economists not only want to understand how prices and quantities are determined, but they also want to be able to calculate how much value markets create for society. Economists call this topic of study welfare analysis, but, despite its name, the subject doesn’t have anything directly to do with transferring money to poor people. How Economic Value Is Created By a Market Economic value created by a market accrues to a number of different parties. It goes to: consumers when they can purchase goods and services for less than they value the use of the itemsproducers when they can sell goods and services for more than each item cost to producethe government when markets provide an opportunity to collect taxes Economic value is also either created or destroyed for society when markets cause spillover effects for parties not directly involved in a market as a producer or a consumer (known as externalities). How Economic Value Is Quantified In order to quantify this economic value, economists simply add up the value created for all of the participants in (or onlookers to) a market. By doing so, economists can calculate the economic impacts of taxes, subsidies, price controls, trade policies, and other forms of regulation (or deregulation). That said, there are a few things that must be kept in mind when looking at this type of analysis. First, because economists simply add up the values, in dollars, created for each market participant, they implicitly assume that a dollar of value for Bill Gates or Warren Buffet is equivalent to a dollar of value for the person who pumps Bill Gates’ gas or serves Warren Buffet his morning coffee. Similarly, welfare analysis often aggregates the value to consumers in a market and the value to producers in a market. By doing this, economists also assume that a dollar of value for the gas station attendant or barista counts the same as a dollar of value for a shareholder of a large corporation. (This isnt as unreasonable as it may initially seem, however, if you consider the possibility that the barista is also a shareholder of the large corporation.) Second, welfare analysis only counts the number of dollars taken in taxes rather than the value of what that tax revenue is ultimately spent on. Ideally, tax revenue would be used for projects that are worth more to society than they cost in taxes, but realistically this is not always the case. Even if it were, it would be very difficult to link up taxes on particular markets with what the tax revenue from that market ends up buying for society. Therefore, economists purposely separate out the analyses of how many tax dollars are generated and how much value spending those tax dollars creates. These two issues are important to keep in mind when looking at economic welfare analysis, but they don’t make the analysis irrelevant. Instead, it’s helpful to understand how much value in the aggregate is created by a market (or created or destroyed by regulation) in order to properly assess the tradeoff between overall value and equity or fairness. Economists often find that efficiency, or maximizing the overall size of the economic pie, is at odds with some notions of equity, or dividing that pie in a manner that is considered fair, so its crucial to be able to quantify at least one side of that tradeoff. In general, textbook economics draws positive conclusions about the overall value created by a market and leaves it to philosophers and policymakers to make normative statements about what is fair. Nonetheless, its important to understand how much the economic pie shrinks when a fair outcome is imposed in order to decide whether the tradeoff is worth it.

International Trade & Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Trade & Institutions - Essay Example Whether or not free trade is fair is a concept that demands a great deal of attention and concentration, and especially by the people who are directly involved under such aegis. The question that arises here is that whether or not free trade assists in the developing countries or it just brings about success touch points for the world’s biggest superpowers (Johnson, 2009). Free trade theory was devised by several economists for the sake of economic growth. Proponents of free trade regularly cite the theories of eighteenth century Scottish economist Adam Smith and David Ricardo, a nineteenth century British economist. They argued that if government stays out of trade, then wealth created by private businesses and trade will benefit the public at large. The gentlemen also asserted that countries need to specialize in the goods that they can produce most efficiently and cheaply. Also when countries trade their specialties, nearly all the stakeholders receive the benefits undoubte dly (Condon, 2002). Free trade theory claims that economic competition with minimal government intervention will lead to greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation; will reduce costs for consumers; and will free up more capital for further investment. First of all, the role of free trade is removal of trade barriers such as tariffs which should promote economic growth, foster a cooperative spirit among nations, help developing nations into becoming independent economies, and end poverty around the world. Free trade benefits developing countries because it provides economic opportunities, improves working conditions, and advances their technology, becoming more globally conscious. As far as the undertakings of the developing countries are concerned, free trade provides them different opportunities for economic growth. If free trade becomes a universally acceptable economic system, provisionally wealthy countries and developing countries both gain a number of benefits to grow th e worldwide economy. Quite rightly so, trade is the greatest factor that leads to economic growth across all segments within the society that one can speak of. When trade occurs as a result of true demand and supply, the economic growth that occurs also truly reflects the increase in economic welfare. Thus, free trade brings about increased economic growth, which means better and more jobs; advanced standards of living and so on. Free trade is not only beneficial for wealthy countries, but also developing ones. The growth is the solution to world poverty. Additionally, free trade improves working conditions for workers in the developing nations. Free trade can help global workers who are working under torrid conditions. In a hypothetical situation, if a person came up with an explanation that free trade was bad as the workers are laboring under life-threatening conditions to produce the goods that normal people buy, then there could be a number of reasons to suggest in the wake of s uch a discussion. Perhaps the consumer habits need to be changed or something that is totally new and comprehensive in its own right. Even though people realize a large number of workers are laboring under bad conditions, everybody wants to buy cheaper priced goods. I think it is essentially one unchangeable habit on the part of the global consumers. And there are a number of reas

Stakeholder analysis Wal-Mart in Mexico case Essay

Stakeholder analysis Wal-Mart in Mexico case - Essay Example The stakeholders listed in this study may not be a comprehensive list of Wal-Mart stakeholders as those not mentioned are not affected by the case in Mexico. The table below provides the stakeholders affected by the case together with their stakes, attributes, and responsibilities of Wal-Mart towards them with the strategies and actions (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2014). It is evident some other stakeholders of Wal-Mart including social activists, local government, businesses operating near Wal-Mart, communities where Wal-Mart stores are located, among others. The reason is that they are not affected by the Mexico case. The reasons for selecting and classification of the different stakeholders in the manner depicted in the table, and Wal-Mart’s specific avenues for dealing with the case are provided in detail in the proceeding sections of the paper. The first consideration entailed the ranking of the stakeholders beginning with those most affected by Mexico case through the consideration of the typology allowing for the determination of the most important stakeholder to be dealt with in the Mexico case. The stakeholder importance order includes the dealing with the definitive stakeholders, followed by the dominant stakeholders, and lastly the dominant stakeholder since three types of stakeholders were identified in the case. The definitive stakeholders consist of employees, shareholders, customers, and the US government owing to the direct impact of the case on these stakeholders and dealing with them first hand would allow for a clear and faster resolution of the case. Wal-Mart employees are involved in the daily running of Wal-Mart operations giving them the power and legitimacy and they hold an interest in the company being their employer and through the employment contract they have a right in the case. The poor conditions of work, poor payments and unpaid overtime, low benefits, not promoting female