Advantages and Disadvantages of the Legal Enforcement of Morality Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Part of the reason for people wanting to place legal restraints on those engaged in homosexual relationships can be explained by homophobia. Blumenfeld (1992) identified 4 distinct types of homophobia which included personal homophobia, institutional homophobia, interpersonal homophobia, and cultural homophobia. Blumenfeld describes personal homophobia as "a personal belief system (a prejudice) that sexual minorities either deserve to be pitied as unfortunate beings who are powerless to control their desires or should be hated; He also concluded that those who have personal homophobia generally regard homosexuals as psychologically disturbed, genetically defective, unfortunate misfits, that their existence contradicts the laws of nature, that they are spiritually immoral, infected pariahs, disgusting - to put it quite simply, that they are generally inferior to heterosexuals. It could be argued that the case of Brown mentioned above was fuelled by personal homophobia and cultural ho mophobia. According to Blumenfeld cultural homophobia is present when "the social norms or codes of behavior that, although not expressly written into law or policy, nonetheless work within society to legitimize oppression. " The need to criminalize the acts of the gay men in the Brown case shows clear signs of cultural homophobia, as the only way in which the men could face charges was to treat the incident as an assault. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of the Legal Enforcement of Morality or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Attempts have been made to criminalize homosexuality as was evidenced in the Woolfenden Report in 1957. This report recommended that the age of majority for homosexuals to engage in sexual intercourse should be increased. It was not until 1967 that the government acted upon this recommendation and introduced the Sexual Offences Act 1967 which stated that sex between homosexuals would be regarded as legal once both parties had attained the age of 21. Centuries ago it had been common practice to burn homosexuals at the stake for indulging in homosexual activities. This was a punishment that was still in force during the reign of Henry VIII.

Essay on Homelessness - 954 Words

Homelessness nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Homelessness as an issue in todays society is largely ignored. To many, the problem of homelessness is invisible or barely noticed. When these people do see the homeless it is found in the form of beggars who need to â€Å"pull themselves up by their bootstraps† or mentally ill people who â€Å"just cant help themselves†. In either case the central point remains; the homeless must be people who are incapable or unwilling to help themselves. After all, wouldnt they stop being homeless if they just tried? These sorts of rationalizations cover a more disturbing truth; that for many in todays society, the spectre of homelessness is more pressing of a problem than helping those who are already on the†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, the poor most often remain poor. This creates a jaded population of impoverished citizens. This is not to say that people are happy being poor, but that when one is taught by popular culture that they deserve b etter they become a victim. Someone or something has caused them to be poor; therefore, it is ultimately not their fault. One effect of this victimization is that it can breed complacency. Through whatever means, some reason, I will get whats coming to me. I am owed. Instead of using what meager opportunities are out there some will simply wait for their piece of the pie. Another effect of this idea of being a victim is the homeless are different than the mere poor because they must have done it to themselves. As they are owed just as much as everyone else, they must have done something to cause them to be homeless. This helps to calm the fear that perhaps being in America does not guarantee success or even a decent shot at it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If there were a support system in place to truly help those who are in poverty and cannot support themselves and their families, then perhaps the population could attempt to do better for themselves. Given real opportunities instead of self-serving token attempts from the rich, those in poverty may have a chance to break the generational cycle that poverty and the threat of homelessness creates. The jobs in this new service-based economy often do not allow for a living wage; that is, a salary thatShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : The Problem Of Homelessness1350 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness There are many parts to the subject of homelessness, of course people talk about the solutions to it like The Ten Year Plan, then there is the history of it starting from the 1640’s. Also there is discussions about Homeless Shelters and more recently Anti-homeless Legislation. Then there are always the staggering statistics. The homeless is a very one minded topic for most. Most people think that the homeless should be helped, cared for, and educated for success. This is true (at leastRead MoreThe Issue Of Homelessness : Homelessness1438 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness is a crucial issue that seems to go unnoticed because apparently there’s more important issue than homelessness. When thinking about homelessness what is the first image that appears in your head? Do you picture adults sleeping under bridges? Do you think of the people whose standing on side the bridge begging for money as the cars pass? Or do you think of the other people sitting in front of the s tore asking for money? Is that all you see when you imagine someone being homelessRead MoreHomelessness And Poverty And Homelessness1699 Words   |  7 PagesCenter on Homelessness and Poverty 7) While a portion of today’s society turns a blind eye to the subject of the criminalization of homelessness, an even larger quantity of people are not aware of the situation that is happening in every major city of America. For those living an affluent lifestyle, it can be difficult to discuss the amount of poverty and homelessness that is constantly occurring. The definition and meaning behind the absence of home is also arduous to discuss. While homelessness is commonlyRead MoreThe Problem Of Homelessness And Homelessness Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesled to homelessness. These barriers may be a numerous amount of things such as substance abuse, personal trauma, unhealthy relationships, health problems, or unemployment. No matter the barrier, goals need to be set and must be realistic. If the goals seem impossible to reach they will be. Finally, there must be a commitment to following through with the set goals and a realization that this is an ongoing process that will not change overnight. There is a misinformed stigma of homelessness, whichRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Homelessness And Homelessness1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Prevalence of Homelessness In this textual analysis, I’m going to discuss the prevalence of homelessness in the United States. I’ll be using three songs from popular culture that focus on homelessness. Different artists perform these three songs: Avril Lavigne, Bob Dylan, and Nirvana. I’m going to address the values that people who are homeless may have, according to what each artist conveys through their song lyrics. Throughout the lyrics in each song, it seems like the artists are attemptingRead MoreThe Problem Of Homelessness And Homelessness802 Words   |  4 PagesConclusion Homelessness has been an ongoing problem in the United States and it cannot be decreased until each state comes up with a plan that is affective. However, in order for this to work the economy needs to recover to the point where no one is without a job and is paid a wage that is manageable. The negative stereotypes of judging the homeless needs to be stopped and people need to be educated that homelessness can affect anyone. Although there are many services available to assist the homelessRead MoreThe Problem Of Homelessness And Homelessness1562 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness We have already past Stone Age and marched towards the modern where we can see fascinating technology and different invention where cancer can be a cured with different medication but homeless still exists and is on the verge of increasing day by day. We can’t imagine ourselves being lost or not knowing where to go or what to do. Spending every day and night either depending on someone else or finding a shelter where you can have a nap. Waking up with the noises of the cars and otherRead MoreHomelessness : The Problem Of Homelessness1584 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness Awareness At some point in their life, a person has seen or heard of an individual who lives on the streets. The individual who lives on the streets and holds a sign that says they need money for food is consider homeless. Sadly, these individuals are everywhere and the amount of people under this title is slowly increasing. However, in this nation we have the ability to begin decreasing that number. By providing the necessary amount of assistance required to place these individualsRead MoreInvestigation On Homelessness And Homelessness1322 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigation on Homelessness 　 Keileigh Proudfoot 9th October 2016 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 Tutor: Mary Valerio Course: NC Social Care Level 5 Contents page Page 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Procedure Read MoreThe Problem Of Homelessness And Homelessness952 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to suitcaseclinic.org, homelessness is a temporary condition that people fall into when they cannot afford to pay for a place to live, or when their current home has been declared unsafe or even unstable. According to Habitat.org, this issue affects between 1.6 million to close to 3 million people within the United States (World Habitat†). The issue is growing throughout the world, yet what is the root cause? Numerous people wonder how they can help. Most tend to believe that the solution

Blair Witch Project Free Essays

â€Å"The Blair Witch Project† After the release and authentic content in the â€Å"Blair Witch Project† it has become a major addition to the horror film collection and has brought unwanted public attention to the small town in Maryland (Burkittsville). This movie was not only a success in theatres, there was also much gained economically and promotionally due to the fame of â€Å"The Blair Witch Project. † While it is obivious that this film has become a popular horror film due to it’s darks theme, what is the story behind the film? How does â€Å"The Blair Witch Project† affect the Burkittsville towns people and the image of the town? And how does it relate to Danielewski’s House of Leaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Blair Witch Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now While all of the questions are important to answer, it would be beneficial to talk about this documentary turned film, as if it was just a form of motion pictures. This film was made by two directors, Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sanchez. â€Å"The Blair Witch Project† is a spooky film made up of suspenseful film footage found years after the death of the three students featured in the movie. â€Å"Montgomery College students Heather Donahue, Joshua Leonard, and Michael Williams arrive in Burkittsville to interview locals about the legend of the Blair Witch for a class project. Heather interviews Mary Brown an old and quite insane woman who has lived in the area all her life. Mary claims to have seen the Blair Witch one day near Tappy Creek in the form of a hairy, half-human, half-animal beast. † Montgomery College students Heather Donohue, Michael Williams and Joshua Leonard take a trip to the town of Burkittsville, MD to capture some interesting footage on a lady accussed of using witch craft. As a female, Heather Donohue is the leader of the three who is driven and becomes the heart and soul of this project. Heather is the only member out of the group who is willing to continuously to film after they hear spooky noises and notice cries outside. Though she is eager to capture as much film as possible, it is evident both Michael and Joshua become annoyed with Heather. The plot of this film climaxes once Jousha wonders off and comes up missing. This part the movie also sets the tone for the following events, the death of both, Michael and Heather. Since â€Å"The Blair Witch Project† is considered a horror film, one would expect to see witches, monsters, killer and even ghost but this movie includes none of these scarey figures. This film simply captures the fears that three people gain while being stranded in the woods. Most of all this film shows the attempt of three people trying to capture images about a witch and turn into an interesting documentary. Before Heather, Michael and Joshua decided to go out and film a documentary, they heard about the stories of Elly Keward (Blair Witch). In 1785, Elly Keward was accused of convincing kids to come to her home to draw blood and later found guilty of witchcraft. â€Å"Several children accuse Elly Keward of luring them into her home to draw blood from them. Kedward is found guilty of witchcraft, banished from the village during a particularly harsh winter and presumed dead. By midwinter all of Kedward’s accusers along with half of the town’s children vanish. Fearing a curse, the townspeople flee Blair and vow never to utter Elly Kedward’s name again. † In 1809, The Blair Witch Cult book was published, which is considered a fiction genre that tells a story of a town cursed by a loner witch. It is not until 1824 that Burkittsville is found on the Blair website. â€Å"Starting with Emily Hollands, a total of seven children are abducted from the area surrounding Burkittsville, Maryland. An old hermit named Rustin Parr walks into a local market and tells the people there that he is â€Å"finally finished. † After Police hike for four hours to his secluded house in the woods, they find the bodies of seven missing children in the cellar. Each child has been ritualistically murdered and disemboweled. Parr admits to everything in detail, telling authorities that he did it for â€Å"an old woman ghost† who occupied the woods near his house. He is quickly convicted and hanged. † â€Å"The Blair Witch Project† has so many different themes that all can be summed up as dark. This film was made to be informative about the death of the three students, but was also created to be a scary, horrorful and spooky film. Although there are speculations about this film being false or fake, the scenes and frightful events within this film definitely persuade you to believe that its no fiction film. With the collection of dark shots and the noises included in the film it is easy for one to become scared and horrified while watching this film. The scariest thing about this film is that it takes place in an existing town, Burkittsville, MD. The discovery of Burkittsville, MD on the Blair website and the death of townspeople, brought a new perspective for the small town in Maryland. This connection with Blair gives Burkittsville a spooky and creepy image, which relates to Danielewski’s House of Leaves. Although â€Å"The Blair Witch Project† is a movie and House of leaves is a book they both give off an scary or eerie feeling. While both stories are formed due to an experiment, they both are formed into horror stories. Many people see the connection between the two, especially write Nicholas Rombes, who writes an article comparing the horror film and genre. In many ways, the Blair Witch Project and House of Leaves are flip sides of the same coin, experimental works in the guise of horror stories. If it weren’t for the fact that they were from the lowly horror genre, they might have been nominated for Big Prizes like an Oscar or a National Book Award. † (Nicholas Rombes) The reputation that this town has gained due to Blair, is what led Heather, Michael and Joshua to Burkittsville, MD on October 20, 1994 and what might have been the reason they never returned. While these spectacles about â€Å"The Blair Witch† being true or false still linger, the mysterious deaths of the three students still affect the towns people of Burkittsville. â€Å"If they vote to keep the signs, it won’t be because they love â€Å"Blair Witch† lore; they hate â€Å"Blair Witch† lore. It will be because Burkittsville, which looks almost exactly the way it did in the Civil War, never throws anything away†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Town leaders think Burkittsville could make $3,000. That’s small compensation for all the trouble caused by a film that grossed $249 million. But it could pay to fix some broken sidewalks. † (By Faye Fiore, Los Angeles Times) Overall â€Å"The Blair Witch Project† is a scary film that displays the experiment of three college students on a mission to findout more about the â€Å"Blair Witch. † While this movie tells the story of a long lost women who practices witchcraft and kills people, it also gives of a sick and scary vibe. This films theme and structure is what makes it compatible to Danielewski’s House of Leaves. This film has not only brought back the store of â€Å"Blair Witch,† it has also been added to the horror film collection. After watching this film, one should be terrified to visit the woods and graveyards of Burkittsville, Md. How to cite Blair Witch Project, Essay examples

Business Law Mandatory Business Ratio

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Mandatory Business Ratio. Answer: Essay on Whether the present aw of mandatory rotation of Audit was working adequately In the Australian Auditing Standard (AUS) 106- descriptive structure for principles on Audits and examination connected Services Audit has been described as a service where the auditors aim was to grant a sensible stage of declaration by: The matter of an view that improves the trustworthiness of a non-verbal claim which has been made about an answerability subject; or The rule of pertinent and dependable data and an view about an liability substance where the person was held accountable for the mater which dies not make a non-verbal assertions. To be of utmost rate an examination must have two major mechanisms, namely, it must be carried out capably and separately. Proficiency and self-government were vital in order to guarantee that an examination was thorough, that was, and it was based on a concrete perceptive of the consumers trade, comprising of the dangers the corporation features and its working surroundings. An examination should also be assumed in harmony with pertinent rules and principles and examination answers should be detailed clearly, moderately and precisely. A lecturer suggested that the Corporations Act 2001 be adjusted to embrace a universal declaration of code entailing an examiner to be self-governing. That declaration, he recommended, would make it apparent that an examiner would not be measured to be sovereign if, they werent, or could rationally be seen as not, competent of implementing the object and unbiased judgments.[1] Under the Corporations Act, an examiner, an examination corporation or an examination firm may be selected as examiner of a corporation or inventory plan which affirmed that the auditor was a scheduled corporation auditor. Division 5 of Part 2m.4 outlines the assessor revolution Requirements for the Listed Corporations. Subsection 324DA[2] (1) outlines the main revolution commitment as: If a person plays a important function in the examination of a listed corporation or listed plan for 5 successive economic years, a person was not entitled to play a important role in the examination of the corporation or the plan for an afterward economic year except: The person has not participated in order to administer an important function in the examination of the corporation or the plan for at least 2 consecutive economic times; The superseding financial years inaugurates after the conclusion of the comprehensive audit contribution era; and End previous to the inauguration of the subsequent financial year. Section 324 DC[3] outlines the offences concerning to the rotation duty for the audit firms.[4] The Committee believes that Section 324[5] was the apposite part of the Act in order to integrate a universal declaration on the freedom of the examiner. That Section 324 of the Corporations Act 2001 was altered by comprising: the subsequent declaration. The examiner must be self-governing of the corporation in administering or implementing his roles or authority. Politicians in the European Union who have been ousted through a last minute contract on wide getting audit improvements such as the mandatory audit firm rotation should be sensing the latter as 2014 begin and with the inferences of the transaction likely to be felt by trade and the investors internationally many among the trade and the audit profession would share that sense of anxiety. Mandatory audit firm rotation was premised on bringing a fresh set of eyes breaking down the client dealings and improving the competition. In a written form the resonances like a sensible thought but in EU the arrangement which was attained late last year requires corporations to adopt a 10 year rotation period which was extendable to 24 years. Yet, it vestiges to be seen as if the practice would achieve anything more than am interrupted shambling of the deck chairs. It was the concept of mandatory audit firm rotation which makes EU choice as it was not new now and in fact where it has been initiated it has not been exposed to attain either of the intends on which it was premised neither improving self-government nor rivalry.[6] Of course, it won't disclosure readers to discover that here mandatory audit firm rotation was repeatedly elevated by the Australian Securities Investments Commission as a potential improvement. The ASIC leadership's attraction with policy growths in the US and Europe was well recognized while Australian trades were already laboring under a authoritarian rule that too often was prejudiced by global performance rather than being standardized to the circumstances, ASIC persists to look somewhere else for strategy inspiration.[7] Any move towards mandatory rotation would be divergent to the accessible proof. Australia already has strong audit infrastructure and a variety of transformative improvements which the occupation was undertaking of its own. CPA Australia study designated that only 35 per cent of the corporations incessantly were listed on Australian Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2011 and had the same inspector for more than 12 years. The study also specify that the audit co-worker alternation has to a large extent have tackled the tenure allied auditor sovereignty which alarms the subsistence which was proceeding to its opening in 2004 without the disturbance and many other potentially unconstructive collision of audit firm rotation.[8] In 2013, a Media Release it was stated that the global directors affirm that focus should be made on the eminence of the inspection and not mandatory firm rotation. Mandatory Audit Firm rotation was a perception that was often discussed by the administrations in devising a reply to media, controllers and opinionated force as a consequence of economic disaster. On the other hand, inspection co-worker alternation regulations and predictable workers alter in both the corporation and the assessment firm can alleviate the pessimistic forces of long term, without the unintentional penalties. Directors have argued robustly that controllers should center on civilizing the eminence of the examination, by strengthening the directors or its examination groups accountability for the omission of the examination, examination firm excellence and, wherever needed, attracting the proficiency of the audit committee and probable growing communications among the examination firm and group. Supplementary, job may be vital to guarantee that clients of monetary declarations augment their perceptive of the function and character of examination, thus tapering the examination anticipation space. So it can be concluded that yes, the present law i.e. the Corporations Act 2001 of Mandatory rotation of Audit firms is working adequately. References Legislation Corporations Act, 2001 Electronic Sources Malley, Mandatory rotation of audit firms doesn't work in practice (2014) The Australian https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/mandatory-rotation-of-audit-firms-doesnt-work-in-practice/story-e6frg9if-1226810843841 Velte and Stiglbauer, Impact Of Auditor And Audit Firm Rotation On Accounting And Audit Quality: A Critical Analysis Of The EC Regulation Draft (2012) Virtus Interopress https://www.virtusinterpress.org/IMG/pdf/Helsinki_conference_paper_12.pdf Ottaway, Improving Auditor Independence In Australia: Is Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation The Best Option? (2016) University of Melbourne https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1709509/27-OTTAWAYJoanne-MandatoryAuditFirmRotationPaper2.pdf The Treasury, Australian Auditor Independence Requirements A Comparative Review 2006 Chartered Accountants, Auditor Rotation (2014) Chartered Accountants https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Audit-and-assurance/External-Auditors/Auditor-Rotation Australian Institute of Company Directors. Focus on the quality of the audit not mandatory audit rotation, say global directors (2013) Australian Institute of Company Directors https://www.companydirectors.com.au/general/header/media/media-releases/2013/focus-on-the-quality-of-the-audit-not-mandatory-audit-rotation

Global Title Translation Essay Example

Global Title Translation Essay SS7 Tutorial Global Title Copryright SS8 Networks 2002 Before we get deeply into the subject of Global Title, it might help to get a very broad view of exactly what Global Title is. Simply defined, it is an address. But it is not an address of a node in the SS7 network (DPC, SSN). Instead, it is an alias for such an address that needs to be translated into an SS7 network address. With that definition out of the way, let’s quickly review what we know about SS7 addressing in general. To begin with, each User Part approaches addressing in a different way. The MTP (Message Transfer Part) has a job that is limited to reliably transferring messages over the links in a link set. That is, MTP only cares about the address of the node at the other end of the links it is tending. Therefore the only addressing the MTP requires is the SPC (Signalling Point Code) of the node at the end of its links. MTP sees this address as the Destination Point Code (DPC) of all messages it sends over the links. The only concern MTP has for any other location in the network is to be able to make use of the final destination of the message to help it pick out one link set from all the available linksets as the best one to use for sending the message. This is what MTP routing is all about. ISUP addressing is different. In normal Call Control use, ISUP addresses a switch at the other end of its trunk connections. For the SS7, this too means using a Destination Point Code (DPC). We will write a custom essay sample on Global Title Translation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Title Translation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Title Translation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But the switch ISUP talks to (which is the next switch in a circuit being set up or torn down) is not necessarily (and really not likely) to be located at the other end of its own SS7 links. The job of addressing all other locations falls to the SCCP. Actually SCCP could be used to address the same switching locations as ISUP. If it were used in this way, SCCP could be used for end-to-end signal routing in conjunction with ISUP. But since the usual switch-to-switch routing of ISUP provides complete circuit information for all switches along the voice path, SCCP is rarely used in this way. Like the other User Parts, SCCP can, and does, make use of DPC. This address alone can be used to get a message to any node in the global SS7 network in the same way that a telephone number can be used to address any telephone in the global telephone network. But SCCP addressing needs to go beyond this method of addressing. The reason is that at each DPC there is a â€Å"system† operating. That system may be a Call Control application or a database or some other program of some type. The problem is that within that system there may be multiple applications running. Thus a Signalling Point Code (which is addressed as a Destination Point Code) may be the home of both a Credit Card Database and an 800 Number Database. Using the DPC as the SS7 address will get the message delivered to the â€Å"system† but it won’t get the message delivered to the appropriate database application. For this purpose, a separate identifier of a system within the system is required. That identifier is the Subsystem Number (SSN). It may be tempting to think of SSN as a database identifier. And, indeed, an SSN will be applied to a database even when only one database application is available at a specified DPC. But, avoid the temptation. The truth is that SSN is also used to sub-address any location at which multiple applications are running. For example, a switch offering several features may use SSN to separately identify each feature. Think of SSN as simply an application identifier. That brings us to what you came for. The third addressing mechanism employed by SCCP is the Global Title, You might say this is the address used when the location requiring information doesn’t know the address. A Global Title implies the need for translation. Before you become too confused, let’s try an example. If you dial an 800 number, the switch to which you are connected becomes more confused than you are right now. The reason is that every number to which the switch can route has a geographical reference which the switch maintains in its own routing table. In North America, the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) provides the clues for that routing. So, for example, if you dial a â€Å"1† first, the switch knows it must make a connection to a long distance switch. The long distance switch will choose from among its connections to route the call into the region suggested by the area code. Then the routing goes to the switch in the appropriate exchange code. And, finally, that switch selects the appropriate line number. But you may have dialed 1-800-FLY-AWAY. The numbering plan is useless. The switch can’t even begin to make a connection. Instead, it sends a request into the SS7 network which essentially asks, ‘Will someone look this number up in an 800 database and translate it into an NANP number that I can route? Such a number is returned and the switch proceeds as if that number had been dialed in the first place. The switch can always get the information from such a database as long as it has the DPC and SSN of the 800 Number application in its SS7 routing table. But, therein lies a problem. Every day, new services are deployed into the SS7 network around the world. Some of them are proprietary and are, therefore, accessible on ly to the switches in the same proprietary network. Others are intended to be offered to other networks for a fee. So, here is the problem. If a service becomes universally available, does that mean that every switch on the planet needs to add the location (DPC) and identifier (SSN) to its SS7 routing table? Obviously if that were the case new services would spread slowly; and each switch would have to maintain huge tables of routing information. A better answer is to keep that information at a much more limited number of locations in the network (such as STPs) and allow the switches to identify their requests for information without identifying where, or from what applications the information can be retrieved. That means that when a switch wants a translation, it need only identify the nature of the translation needed (for example, 800 number to NANP number) and send the request to a location whose routing table tells it where such translations can be performed. A single location in the routing table of the switch (such a location as an STP) may serve to provide 800 Number translations, 900 number translations, Credit Card validation, etc. Even the first location which receives the request does not have to maintain a routing table of all locations on the globe. Instead, it may have a table which indicates that all requests in several similar categories should be sent to one location while requests in other categories can be sent somewhere else. All of this is possible because, with Global Title requests, the originator of the request does not need to know where or what application can provide the answer to the request. Global Title has even more uses. For example, the STP may be able to send Dialed Digit translation requests to either of two databases at two different database nodes. The receipt of a Prohibited signal (indicating the database is unavailable) from he SCCP at one of the database locations can tell the STP to change its lookup to another Global Title Table. The translation there, in turn, can result in address information used to send queries to the backup location The drawing below will illustrate the concept (but obviously not the coding) of Global Title queries. With the concepts firmly implanted we’ll move on to the actual coding. G Ro S7 S uti ng ou TR g t in r be um 0n : 80 es to nd ri Se q ue 00 -20 10 r be um 0 n to: 80 s n d rie -05 Se que 20 10 3 C 2 DP N 1 SS 10-20-00 80 GT 9 29 0 35 29 ? 8 GT SSP ? se 91 Respon 4 452 71 71 s Re ns po 00 359 292 0 1-80 A FLY WAY ? As an alias addressing mechanism, Global Title can obviate the need for ubiquitous ponderous routing tables. (Actually I just said that to see if you were still awake). It can also hide network assets and provide greater control for conditional rerouting requirements. e9 14 45 27 17 1 SCP 10-20-05 SSN 123 Perhaps the biggest mystery surrounding the use of Global title is the meaning of each of the fields in a Global Title message. We’ll try to destroy that mystery next. Calling/Called Party Address To begin with, this contains all of the information required to identify the originator and the intended destination of the message. To understand why these values are important it might help to examine the way in which a Global Title request travels around the SS7 network. 1. An SSP receives dialed digits which it cannot use to route a call in the PSTN (e. g. an 800 number). 2. The switch consults its SS7 routing information to determine where to send the numbers for translation. If there is no information about the SS7 location of the translation table, the query may be sent to an intermediate STP whose routing table indicates where to send queries for translation. The message from the originating witch contains fields to indicate the full nature of the query. Address Indicator Foretells the type of addressing information to be found in the address field. This can be a single type of address or any combination of the address types Signalling Point Code, Global Title (e. g. Dialed Digits) and Subsystem Number. This field tells the receiving node what kind of addressing information to look for. The following tabl e indicates the significance of each of the bits in the octet with the bits numbered in the order in which they are sent/received. 8 7 6 5 3 2 1 Network Routing Indicator Indicator (Nat/Int) Global Title Indicator Point SSN Code Indicator Indicator Bits of the Address Indicator The following tables list the contents of the Address Indicator bit by bit and indicate the significance of bit placement within the octet. Bits #1-2 xxxxxxx1 xxxxxx1x Signifies: The address contains an SSN The address contains an SPC Bits #3-6 xx0000xx xx0001xx xx0010xx Signifies: No Global Title included Global Title Includes Translation Type, Numbering Plan and Encoding Scheme Global Title Includes Translation Type Only three possible combinations of bits 3 through 6 are given in the table because the remaining combinations are either spares for National/International networks, are unassigned in the U. S. , or are reserved for future use. Since multiple address elements may be used, bit #7 is used to identify which of these elements should be used for routing, Bit #7 x0xxxxxx x1xxxxxx Signifies: An SCCP translation is required. Therefore routing should be based on the Global Title in the address. An SCCP translation is not required. Therefore, routing should be based on the DPC (found in the Routing Label) and the SSN (found in the Called Party Address. Bit 8 is used to identify the address as national or international as shown in the following table. Bit #8 0xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx Signifies: Both the address indicator and the address are coded according to international specifications. Both the address indicator and the address are coded according to national specifications. At this point it might be helpful to further explore both the Address Indicator and the actual Calling/Called Party Address. In the text preceding these tables we spoke of the actual address before we spoke of the Address Indicator. We did this in the hope of helping you to understand the need for the Address Indicator. In the message itself, the Indicator comes first. This allows the receiving side to determine how it must interpret the data in the Address before it has seen that data. Following the Address Indicator comes the actual Called/ Calling Party addressing. As can be seen from the Global Title Fields of the Address Indicator, the first octet of the Address may be a Translation Type. The next octets may be a Signaling Point Code, and the final octets may be the actual Global Title Address itself. We have repeatedly use the word may here because, as you can see from the Address Indicator, the Address may not even be a Global Title. As you can also see from the indicator, when Global Title is present, it may contain a Translation Type, a Numbering Plan, and an Encoding Scheme. We’ll examine these values next. Remember that we started by defining Global Title as an address. Subsystem Number and Signaling Point Code are also addresses. The difference is that the Global Title is an address of variable length and, perhaps of variable format which requires translation. For example, the Global Title may be the digits that were dialed which the switch was unable to use because they were not in North American Numbering Plan format. Global Title Format Following a Global Title Indicator value of 0001 In the Address Indicator Address Information N u m b e r i n g P l a n E n c o d i n g S c h e m e Translation Type Octet 3 Octet 2 ( above) Octet 1 A glance back at bits 3-6 in the Address Indicator should serve to remind you that it can indicate there is no Global Title Address in the message. It can also indicate that there is a Global Title Address and that the address includes a Translation Type. Or, it can indicate that there is a Global Title Address and that the address includes Global Title Translation Type, Numbering Plan and Encoding Scheme The previous paragraph contains some of the terms which seem to provide some of the greatest confusion over Global Title. You now have most of the information you need to understand Global Title. With a little luck, if we can clear up these final mysterious terms, all the pieces of Global Title should finally fall into place. Translation Type Global Title can be used in numerous ways. Therefore the possibility for many different applications requiring Global Title Addressing also exists. Such applications may be unique to a specific network, or they may be in use so generally that they are common to numerous networks. When the services of an application in one network are requested at a location outside that networking, certain internetworking applications may also be involved to transport requests and responses between networks. For example, telephone calls can be charged using cards issued by service providers or by banks and other types of financial institutions. The caller is required to enter a PIN number when making the call so that an application can validate the card through a database application. This is such a common application that the ANSI standard of 1996 has defined it as the Identification Card Application Group and has assigned to the Translation Type byte the value of 00000001 (decimal 1) Other applications are becoming universally available, and, a a result both the most recent ANSI and ITU standards are beginning to assign values for these services so that they may be used as standardized values across the SS7 network at large. SCP assisted services (such as 800 number translations) are another group of universal services which have been assigned their own Translation Types. Despite the growth of such commonly used services, the standards organizations have resisted the temptation to assign all 256 values which can be represented by the Translation Type byte. Indeed, under the ANSI standard an entire range of values (11000000 to 11111001) have been set aside for internal network usage. The table on the next page identifies the assignments in the ANSI standard. Translation Type Coding Decimal Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to 31 32 192 to 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Notes: reserved* The value 253 has been used for network specific applications as well as for the 14 digit Calling Card application while the value 251 has been used for both network specific applications and for the Call Management application. ** The value 254 is already in use for some internetwork applications such as 800 service. Network providers not using this value are cautioned to consider potential conflicts before employing the same value for network specific applications. Byte Values 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 00000101 00000110 00000111 00001000 Application/Translation Group reserved Identification Cards reserved* Cellular Nationwide Roaming Service Global Title = Point Code Calling Name Delivery reserved* Message Waiting SCP Assisted Call Processing 00001001 to 00011111 Internetwork Applications 00100000 spare 11000000 to 11111001 Network Specific Applications 11111010 11111011 11111100 11111101 11111110 11111111 Network Specific Applications reserved* Network Specific Applications reserved* ** reserved Encoding Scheme With the actual address value data coming up, the receiving node needs to recognize how many digits it should look for and how to translate these values from the binary code. These four bits present that information. Code 0000 0001 Unknown Signifies: The address has an odd number of digits and should be converted to decimal values using Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) conversion. The address has an odd number of digits and should be converted to decimal values using Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) conversion. 011 to 1111 Spare The only remaining date preceding the actual address is the numbering plan (such as NANP) identifier. The purpose of this tutorial has been to explore the concept, use and coding of Global Title. In the course of doing this, we have not examined the entire SCCP message formatting of which Global Title is a part. Our reference here has been the ANSI T1. 112-96 Recommendations. For more information on the products on this page, visit our home page at http: //www. ss8. com or come to http://www. adc-adapts. com SMserverâ„ ¢ Short Message Service Center (SMSC) for GSM and IS41 wireless networks. OTAserverâ„ ¢ Over-the-Air Service Provisioning (OTASP) for CDMA and TDMA wireless networks. CALEAserverâ„ ¢ SS8 offers the solution that allows carriers to meet Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) requirements today. Signaling Gateway There are a lot of gateways. But SS8’s distributed environment and high performance make for a stand-out in the field. Distributed7â„ ¢ SS8’s latest generation of SS7 development platforms is designed for high availability carrier applications. The clustered multi-host architecture enables SS7 to run on multiple computers simultaneously under a single SS7 point code. Distributed7 takes SS7 reliability beyond fault tolerant platforms. Connect7â„ ¢ Host independent controller board embedded with full Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) functionality. Easy7â„ ¢ The ideal link concentration solution for smaller networks. This mini-STP can be in the same room with multiple SS7 signaling points with the result that fewer SS7 links can handle your network traffic. For some, the pay-back can be astonishingly short.

10 Facts About the Geography of the Pacific Northwest

10 Facts About the Geography of the Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest is the region of the western United States located adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. It runs north to south from British Columbia, Canada, to Oregon. Idaho, parts of Montana, northern California, and southeastern Alaska are also listed as parts of the Pacific Northwest in some accounts. Much of the Pacific Northwest consists of rural forested land; however, there are several large population centers which include Seattle and Tacoma, Washington, Vancouver, British Columbia, and Portland, Oregon. The region of the Pacific Northwest has a long history that was mainly occupied by various Native American groups. Most of these groups are believed to have been engaged in hunting and gathering as well as fishing. Today, there are still visible artifacts from the Pacific Northwests early inhabitants as well as thousands of descendants that still practice historic Native American culture. What to Know About the Pacific Northwest One of the first United States claims to the lands of the Pacific Northwest region came after Lewis and Clark explored the area in the early 1800s.The Pacific Northwest is highly active geologically. The region is dotted with several large active volcanoes in the Cascade Mountain Range. Such volcanoes include such Mount Shasta in northern California, Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount Saint Helens and Rainier in Washington and Mount Garibaldi in British Columbia.There are four mountain ranges dominating the Pacific Northwest. They are the Cascade Range, the Olympic Range, the Coast Range and parts of the Rocky Mountains.Mount Rainier is the highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest at 14,410 feet (4,392 m).The Columbia River, which begins in the Columbia Plateau in western Idaho and flows through the Cascades to the Pacific Ocean, has the second-largest flow of water (behind the Mississippi River) than any other river in the lower 48 states.In general, the Pacific Northwest has a wet and co ol climate which has led to the growth of extensive forests featuring some of the largest trees in the world. The regions coastal forests are considered temperate rainforests. More inland, however, the climate can be drier with more harsh winters and warmer summers. The economy of the Pacific Northwest is varied, but some of the worlds largest and most successful technology companies such as Microsoft, Intel, Expedia, and Amazon.com are located in the region.Aerospace is also an important industry in the Pacific Northwest as Boeing was founded in Seattle and currently  some of its operations  in the Seattle area. Air Canada has a large hub at the Vancouver International Airport.The Pacific Northwest is considered an educational center for both the United States and Canada as large universities such as the University of Washington, the University of Oregon and the University of British Columbia are located there.The dominant ethnic groups of the Pacific Northwest are Caucasian, Mexican and Chinese.

International Business - Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business - Culture - Essay Example Social structures are values that were established long time ago. They define the organization of the society members into small units to meet necessities of the given society (Hyland 2012). The organization is mainly family and classes based. Social classes rank people in order of the important aspects like wealth, job, and education. In some societies, recruitments of people for jobs and promotions are based on competencies (Ajami & Goddard 2006). The contrast is based on sex, age, and family from which an individual come from. Different countries have different defined attitudes towards male and female as part of the social structure. This affects education and level of participation for the inferior gender. The inferior gender in most countries is that of women. Therefore, for a woman thinking of doing business in such environments will have to consider working with a male partner to act as the face of the business. This will increase cost of operation since the individual will have to be paid. Another factor to consider is Age. A country like Japan ascribes wisdom to be proportional to age (Ajami & Goddard 2006). Therefore, in this country, retirement for the old was not applicable which closed out young and energetic people for the opportunities. Another thing is family background of an individual. In some societies, for example Nigeria, a person’s effectiveness and acceptance is accepted or rejected based on the social status of the family from which the individual comes from (Aswathappa 2010). For the individuals coming from high profiled families, acceptance is not an issue as compared to the poor and low statured people.

Wintz Lawn Service, Inc Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wintz Lawn Service, Inc - Term Paper Example depr. (100) Retained earnings 2,500 200 Total stockholders’ equity 2,900 Total assets $3,200 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $3,200 3) Yes, Kathy Wintz’ summer work was mostly successful. She was able to make lots of sales and her expenses were only a little over half her revenue, which means that she made quite a substantial net profit. Wintz’ biggest expense was salaries, but even then this was only one-third of the net income. Other expenses, such as rent, supplies, and repair expenses, only cost a small portion of the total expenses. For the Retained Earnings Statement, Wintz was able to make back more than double her initial investment. For a business that was only open for four months, this is very impressive. Wintz also paid out some dividends to shareholders, but there was still enough retained earnings left at the end of August that Wintz could return to college feeling satisfied with her summer’s work. For the balance sheets, th e assets column looks very healthy. Added to this is the fact that there are very few liabilities, which means that the business does not have any worries.

Gender representations in The Big Bang Theory Essay

Gender representations in The Big Bang Theory - Essay Example This study aims at giving insight on how the use of gender representation is utilized in The Big Bang Theory to attract a large audience. As indicated by the title, this project explores the gender representations in The Big Bang Theory. There have been other studies about this subject too. However, what makes The Big Bang Theory a classical study is the controversial sexist position it adapts. This is the reason why this research aims at conducting a scientific inquiry on the unbalanced gender portrayal. One of the sets of questions that urgently require addressing is the relationship of discourses of gender in the media. For instance, what contributes to the popularity of The Big Bang Theory show notwithstanding the unsurpassed gender misrepresentation overriding in the show? This study will compare, contrast, investigate, examine, develop, and evaluate the subject matter. An proper indulgent of the facts contributing to the popularity of the show is quite significant as it would i ndicate the exact reasons as to why the various attempts to fight for egalitarianism have never been prolific. . It is beneficial to gain an appreciation regarding gender representations, the values and ideologies presented in The Big Bang Theory as this might aid in formulation and implementation of effective policies to circumvent the menace, change people’s psychological perspectives on gender and improve societal welfare and amalgamation.

Food Processing Technology and Methods for Cereal

Food Processing Technology and Methods for Cereal Most of the principles of making breakfast cereals are similar to all products. Trix cereal is made with corn. The process of converting corn into the delicious product many children as well as adults will be discussed in this section. The corn from the field is dried milled, sifted and cleaned to separate the germ from the bran, oils and debris collected from the field and the milling process. The goal of this separation is to get to the endosperm where most of the starch that will be used for production is located. Most cereals produced are produced as flakes. Prior to flaking the grits are cooked and mixed with sugar, malt syrup, proteins, and salt into a large amount of water to create what is called cooking liquor. This cooking liquor provides the Milliard reaction that occurs during cooking and is what provides most of the flavor to the flakes or in the case of Trix, corn puffs. This mixture is loaded into a cylindrical industrial steam pressure cooker for about two hours at a 15-18 psig steam pressure (Smith Hui, 2004). In the case of Trix the cooking process is done by puffing. Puffing is done either through high temperature ovens, guns or extrusion. The use of any of these three methods is to expose the moist grain to high temperatures where its moisture will be converted to steam. The steam released by the grain expands and puffs the kernel. Prior to placing the grits into any of these three methods, the grains are delumped in lump-breaking machines which incorporate large volumes of air. The air supplied through the machine helps with the cooling of the product. The cooling of the grit in the lump-breaking machine helps with the initial drying step of the process of making ready to eat cereal. Grits usually have a moisture content of 28-34% (Smith Hui, 2004) are dried to about 14-17% through the use of forced air dryers at a temperature of 250 °F (Smith Hui, 2004). Once the grains have gone through this initial drying, the grains are controlled cooled to 100 °F to prevent hardening of the grain and to allow the grain to return to ambient temperature. (Smith Hui, 2004). Once the grain is dried to the moisture levels desired, the grain is tempered. Tempering of the grits takes about 2-3hours, helps reduce the darkening the product that occurs during Milliard reactions, and allow the grit to retrograde. This process uses temperature of 80o F and increases the firmness of the cooked grit (Smith Hui, 2004). From this point the grit is ready for flaking, shredding, or any of the methods of puffing grits. General Mills utilizes puffing guns to make Trix cereals. The science behind the puffing gun utilized by General Mills and some of its competitors, works by introducing the grains to high (500-800  °Ã‚  F) temperatures. This high temperature evaporates the moisture within the granules creating a steam pressure build up (100 to 200 psi) inside the chamber. When this pressure is released the moisture attempting to escape the grain, causes the endosperm to expand and simultaneously puff. Puffing guns have come long ways from when they were first introduced in the cereal business. Today General Mills utilizes a continuous puffing gun systems and extrusion puffing. Continuous puffing guns work the same way as it predecessors. The continuous gun contains a rotating cylinder that is set a specific angle. The cylinder is heated either by gas flames or electrically, and it is fed through a rotary valve. The pressure in the cylinder remains constant via the exit, thus continuously discharging the product. The contents explode into a bin provided with a floor opening leading to a conveyor belt. The product is directed to a rotating heating cylinder to dry, and then cooled. At this point the product is visually inspected for stickiness and color and sent to the packaging line. Direct expansion or extrusion puffing is the other method used by many cereal manufacturers. This type of technology was received with open arms by the cereal industry because it allows the combination of the steps in the process into one. Cereals ingredients are introduced in one batch into long barrels equipped with single or twin screws. The screws mix, shear, and pressurize the barrel and transport the â€Å"dough† to a forming die. As the mixture flows through the extruder, vitamins, flavors and colors are introduced and then the mixture exits through the die. The same principle of the puffing gun is applied to extruders. As the moisture vapor expands and the excess pressure is released, the volume of the mixture increases. The temperature in the barrel increases the mixture to about 300o-350 o F and the pressure to about 350-500 psi at the die head. As the dough exits through the orifices of the die, it is sliced off in to the different shapes and the slices expand immediately. Despite this quick expansion, the pieces still maintain moisture content of about 27% and are further dried on vibrating screens in hot air puffing ovens where the final cooking of the product occurs (Smith Hui, 2004). Pieces are inspected and sent to the packaging line. Although extruded and gun puffed mixtures products are enriched and fortified during the cooking process, the puffs receive a final spray of vitamins, sugar and flavors inside rotating spray drums. Both final sprays assist with the reduction of lipid oxidation and moisture which improve the overal l quality of the product as it relates to its texture and crispiness. One aspect of producing cereal is its quality. The cereal industry uses multiple methods to assess the quality of its product during the production process. The biggest issue for a good cereal product is moisture. Moisture is measured through near infrared analysis (NIR), wet chemistry, and image analysis. During the process the product the raw material is analyzed for moisture to ensure it can be flaked, shredded, shaped, maintained for control of oven temperatures, and to control the sugar content applied to the product. This type of testing can also be done to the final product where the fat, sugar, and moisture are analyzed to ensure the operation is working at optimum conditions. These test is necessary due to any unacceptable moisture content could lead to poor product quality as well as possible bacteria growth. At present, cereal industries are performing little or no analytical testing, and are relying on the vendors to provide them with highest quality level of product for their market. This can present a problem in production process. Despite the fact that the cereal industry does little or no analytical testing, most of the moisture content testing is performed as the product exits the oven using a 16 hour vacuum oven method or a moisture balance method (Unity Scientific, 2014). According to Unity Scientific, â€Å"both methods use loss on drying to measure moisture content.† The main problem with the 16 hr oven method is the time it takes to get results, and when these are received they â€Å"have no impact on real time process control† (Unity Scientific, 2014). When it comes to the moisture balance method Unity Scientific says, although the sample can be â€Å"analyzed in 15 minutes it is â€Å"2-3 times less accurate the vacumm oven method.† The key to cereals i s the control of its moisture and texture. Moisture as mentioned previously, is critical to maintaining a cereal’s integrity, and it is crucial that the moisture of a cereal product is not greater than 3%. Anything less or greater could reduce its crunchiness as well as make it brittle. Therefore, NIR is one of the best methods of testing for moisture as well as fat content in any step of the process. In regards to its crunchiness the cereal industry uses mechanical as well as sensory evaluation methods to ensure the products texture. Nonetheless, sensory evaluations can be subjective. One of the best ways to analyze texture is the use of mechanical instruments as these provide a quantitative measure of texture. Currently instruments used by the cereal industry include Stevens, Instron and Ottawa Texture Analyzer. The purpose of these crunch evaluation methods is to find the bowl life by exposing the product to milk for a small period of time and then performing a shear test. Other equipments used are the multiple crunching probes and the Ottawa Cell shearing test. The final step in the production process is packaging. Different equipment and films are used across the board in the cereal industry. Some of the machinery used include Ishida multi-head weighers, Bosch vertical form fill seal machines and Triangle bag in box packaging. When it comes to films, they either use wax paper or various polymer films (Smith Hui, 2014). However, before selecting a packaging film, cereal manufacturers consider whether the location the product is going to be sold is humid or arid. Based on these conditions the film is selected and used for production. One of most common packaging materials used in the cereal industry is polyethylene films (Smith Hui, 2014). The packaging film must protect from water vapor transmission and flavor loss. As mentioned previously, moisture plays a big role in the process and any sign of moisture gain could lead to potential loss of crispiness and acceptability of the product. Another issue for cereals is the instability of lipid s. Lipid oxidation leads to rancidity thus, creating a bad aroma in the product. To prevent lipid oxidation and moisture gain in the product, the cereal industry utilizes different antioxidants. The antioxidants commonly used are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydrooxytoluene (BHT) (Smith Hui, 2004). Although their use is limited in the production process, these can be added before cooking. However, after several trials, it was discovered that due to their non polarity and their volatility these would not hold during the manufacturing process. Nonetheless, it was discovered it was better to apply these antioxidants to the packaging material as the antioxidants would transfer to product after packaging (Smith Hui, 2014). Packaging does more than protect from decay, it provides the identification, and it provides consumer attraction and appeal to the product. Producing cereals entails more than what is see in the grocery store shelves or what is consumed at homes. Essentially behind all of this manufacturing process is the effort to make profit, but no matter what idea the manufacturer may have, protecting the product and providing the best quality of product to consumer becomes primordial. Accurate shelf lives, quality of stored cereal, its freshness are what attract and appeal the consumer. References How Products Are Made. Cereal. 2014. Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Cereal.html. Accessed September 03, 2014. Smith, J. (2004).Food processing: Principles and applications. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. Kulp, K. (2000).Handbook of cereal science and technology(2nd ed., pp. 626- 627). New York: Marcel Dekker. Breakfast Cereal. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014, from http://www.unityscientific.com/industries/food-dairy/cereal.asp

Ritalin: Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

Ritalin: A Miracle Drug, or Another Cocaine?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the term â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder†(ADHD) is mentioned, the first thing that comes to many people’s minds is a drug called Methylphenidate, commonly referred to as â€Å"Ritalin†. Most people know Ritalin is prescribed for ADHD, and they most likely know at least one person who is currently taking it. However, in the 1960s, Ritalin and many other amphetamines were recognized as abusive substances, so many new controls were introduced to more closely monitor the prescribing of these drugs. Despite these new restrictions, the abuse and over-prescribing of Ritalin has re-emerged from the shadows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way the over-prescribing of Ritalin has emerged is its constant use for treating ADHD in children and adolescents. ADHD is a behavioral disorder and generally infects boys between the ages of six and fourteen (United Nations Warning on Ritalin, 1). Data shows that 10-12% of all boys in this range are taking Ritalin for the treatment of diagnosed ADHD. Since 1990, the number of people taking Ritalin has increased by 500%. As of now, the United States has the highest level of Ritalin use and production. Canada uses just under half of what the U.S. uses of Ritalin and no other countries have come close. 7-10% of the U.S.’s boys are on this drug, which is an overwhelming number compared to other countries around the world. As a result of this, the gover...

Man’s Flaw in War of the Worlds and Present Day Earth Essay

An interesting quote taken from Kepler starts out the book War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells: But who shall dwell in these worlds if they be inhabited?†¦ Are we or they the Lords of the World?†¦ And how are all things made for man? (Kepler, the Anatomy of Melancholy). This quote serves as a foreshadowing to what Wells considers to be man’s fundamental flaw, a flaw that still exists today on modern man, more than a century after War of the Worlds’s first publication and centuries more after Kepler’s time. According to Wells’s introduction, man’s first fundamental flaw is complacency â€Å"With infinite complacency men went to and fro over this glove about their little affairs, serene in their assurance of their empire over matter† (Chapter 1, p. 3). In War of the Worlds, man thought that they are the only inhabitants of the universe and remain complacent over the dangers that might be coming from places other than what they can comprehend. Little did they know that they are being watched by creatures from space just like how a scientist examines a microscopic organism under a microscope. Unfortunately today, man still suffers from this complacency. We have abused nature for the longest time thinking that its resources and its tolerance to our actions are boundless. Now, we are facing the ill effects of our wrong doings, our resources are dwindling, and our climate is rapidly changing. Vanity is the next flaw that Wells talk about in his introduction of the book. â€Å"Yet so vain is man, and so blinded by his vanity, that no writer, up to the very end of the nineteenth century expressed any idea that life might have developed there far† (Chapter 1, p. 4). Man became too preoccupied with his achievements that he hadn’t put it into thought that Mars is older than Earth and therefore could be more advanced than humans if indeed there is life on the red planet. Vanity is one of the oldest flaws of man, the Greeks shows this flaw perfectly through the myth of Narcissus, a mythological character whose name means self-admirer. Vanity is still among man’s flaw today, some people are so vain that they are willing to spend ridiculous amounts of money on cosmetics. They could have just used the money on other necessary things or better yet, to help the needy. Last is man’s flaw for being judgmental. â€Å"And before we judge them too harshly we must remember what ruthless and utter destruction our own species has wrought† (Chapter 1, p. 6). Wells questions that the Martians’s intent to take over the earth isn’t any different than what the humans has done over animals and even our own species. The same could still be applied today. Man by virtue, does not have the right to complain if indeed Martians invade the earth and do all those things that we do to our animals. In the book, Martians are just doing what they can do to survive, but man (in the real world) harms creatures even if it is not necessary for survival. All these flaws can be summed up to pride. In ancient Greek literature pride or hubris as they call it, is the fundamental flaw of man that causes his demise. Kepler and Wells advocate the same thing in their works

Holiday Sales May Be Frightful Essay

The article â€Å"Holiday Sales May Be Frightful, But Discounts Will Be Delightful† discusses tough holiday season for retailers because Christmas sales are expected to increased up to 4%. Nevertheless, the season is claimed to be soft and sluggish. This season is, actually, slower compared with sales of the previous year. The decrease in sales is explained by macroeconomic problems as, for example, house slump and credit crunches which negatively affect customers. The author cites Niemira who argues that â€Å"a huge worry facing the holiday season is that the home-price decline and housing wealth decline will cut into consumer spending broadly†. I think the article is informative and provides up-to-date information as practically all people are interested in making purchases. It is known that one of the most popular leisure activities in American consumer is shopping. People are ready to spend money on things they are willing to possess, but housing problems make it less affordable for many citizens. All aspects of consumerism are paid thorough attention by marketing workers and economic analysts. I think the author is very logical and unbiased as the author firstly defines the problem and then explains what reasons have led to it. Credit crunch and housing problem, in my opinion, are two the most serious problems. For example, the author says: â€Å"the credit crunch makes it harder for all households, especially low-income families, to refinance and get other credit†. Apparently, the poor have been disproportionately hurt by high fuel prices. I think that the author does sense in his argument and suggestions. Moreover, all his ideas are properly supported by evidence and explanations of analysis and economists.

Definition and Examples of a Grammatical Category

Definition and Examples of a Grammatical Category A grammatical category is a class of units (such as noun and verb) or features (such as number and case) that share a common set of characteristics. They are the building blocks of language, allowing us to communicate with one another. There are no hard and fast rules for what defines these shared traits, however, making it difficult for linguists to agree on precisely what is and is not a grammatical category. As the linguist and author R.L. Trask put it, the term category in linguistics is so varied that no general definition is possible; in practice, a category is simply any class of related grammatical objects which someone wants to consider. That said, there are some strategies you can use to group words into categories based on how they function in the English language (think of parts of speech). Identifying Grammar Groups One of the simplest ways to create grammatical categories is by grouping words together based on their class. Classes are word sets that display the same formal properties, such as inflection or verb tense. Put another way, grammatical categories can be defined as sets of words with similar meanings (called semantics). There are two families of classes, lexical and functional. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adjectives fall into this class. Determiners, particles, prepositions, and other words denoting position or spatial relationships are part of the functional class. Using this definition, you can create grammatical categories like this:   Verbs denote actions (go, destroy, buy, eat,  etc.)Nouns denote entities (car, cat, hill, John,  etc.)Adjectives  denote states (ill, happy, rich,  etc.)Adverbs  denote manner (badly, slowly, painfully, cynically,  etc.)Prepositions  denote location (under, over, outside, in, on,  etc.) Grammar groups can be further divided, depending on a words defining properties. Nouns, for instance, can be further subdivided into  number,  gender,  case, and  countability. Verbs can be  subdivided  by tense,  aspect, or  voice. Grammar Tips Unless youre a linguist, you probably wont spend much time thinking about how words can be classified based on how they function in the English language. But just about anyone can identify basic parts of speech. Be careful, though. Some words have multiple functions, such watch, which can function as both a verb (Watch out over there!) and a noun (My watch is broken.). Other words, such as gerunds, may appear to be one part of speech (a verb) and yet function differently (as a noun). In these cases, youll need to pay close attention to the context in which such words are used in writing or speech. Sources David Crystal,  A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 4th ed. Blackwell, 1997Thomas E. Payne,  Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists. Cambridge University Press, 1997R.L. Trask,  Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., ed. by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007Laurel J. Brinton,  The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000Andrew Radford,  Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English. Cambridge University Press, 2004

Job Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Job Analysis - Essay Example he required knowledge, skill, or ability needed to complete each task) Need to follow instructions on completing the assignment.   The KSA need to be listed beside of each of the tasks – need to identify which ones go with each task Manages data; manages the vendor contract & performance reviews; develops policies & procedures regarding data administration (e.g. frequency of file standards & assists in design & development of reports; provides interface & analytical support regarding health care costs & utilization with vendors; identifies & coordinates integration of benefits data uploads from various claim payer; maintains data entry for all vendors; ensuring all data fields & definitions are updated in the interface documents; maintains report log to document all benefits related reports.    Attends meetings & makes presentation regarding benefits; represents administrator at meetings & takes charge and responsibility during administrators absence as requested; enters, edits retrieves data to produce reports; performs other duties.   Personal computer operating systems; data backup & recovery; data security industry standards in data administration; health services administration or comparable field; agency policies & procedures(C) Communicate effectively; Define problems, collect data, establish facts and draw valid conclusions and projections; develop analytical documents; work dependently; lead co-workers; support scheduling; manage day to day workflow & deliverables; attend meetings; prepare & deliver speeches before specialized audience & public(C)   Personal computer operating systems; data backup & recovery; data security industry standards in data administration; health services administration or comparable field; agency policies & procedures(C) Ability to: Communicate effectively; Define problems, collect data, establish facts and draw valid conclusions and projections; develop analytical documents; work dependently; lead co-workers; support

Ethics and the Role of Nurses Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics and the Role of Nurses - Article Example This group of professionals is required to make critical and delicate decisions in the performance of their day to day duties. The decision s they make in most cases determine the care or treatment a patient is going to receive, hence, they determine the final outcome of the treatment process. The making of the right decisions is an action that strongly requires the application of ethics (Butts & Rich, 2013). It is true that by understanding one’s own ethical behavior, one is able to through the professional assessment; one is able to know and understand those of others. This makes it important for nurses to understand their ethical behavior not just in terms of their relationship with patients, but also with that of colleagues, employers, and junior staff as well as the community. According to Guido (2006), understanding the importance of ethics is a crucial component of specialized health care delivery. Ethics makes part of every aspect of nursing and nursing care. For nurses to be able to act according to the expected ethical standards there is need for them to analyze and comprehend the various ways through which they can assess ethical behavior (Butts & Rich, 2013). This view is further supported by Chaloner (2007) who is of the opinion that it is important for individual health care givers and teams to perform an ethical analysis, based on their knowledge, skills and experience, in their continuous professional practice. This according to the author is an important element to an informed process of making decisions. The ethics self assessment is one important way through which one can identify the various ethics. It was therefore a right choice of means for you to assess your ethical behavior. It is true that through the assessment one can be able to identify one’s strengths and weaknesses and as a result be able to identify the various areas that need improvement.

Managment in arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managment in arts - Essay Example FNAC (National French Collection of Contemporary Art) can be considered as an example of cultural diversity in selecting the artistic works. Fifty percent of the arts collection contains French works while the other fifty percent comprises the works of arts of non-French artists. The numbers of bought works of art are French as well as non-French and are bought in a similar ratio. There is no restriction in terms of nationality and origin of the artist in terms of his/her artistic work and the works of art are bought and sold without any obligation concerning culture, nationality or origin. As far as ratio of artistic work from other nationalities is concerned, it is not equal. FNAC indicates that the artistic works from US are enormous in ratio as compared to other countries. The higher ratio from which, the works of art belong are from western richest economies such as United States, Britain, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. The collection of artistic works at FNAC contains the artistic works from 55 different countries, which represents that globalization has impacted the sector of artistic work to a great extent. The structure of artists’ nationalities is not affected because of increasing or decreasing ratio of non-French artistic works. There is a hierarchy, which is followed in order to give positions to the works of art. Globalization has not opened grounds for the poor but has provided more grounds to the rich. United States is considered at the top in terms of hierarchy of works of art in terms of foreign representation. Collections of the works of arts at various places in the world give prominence to the artists of the place while the artistic works from prominent countries such as United States, France, Britain, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Belgium and many others, are also considered crucial and given concentration on the basis of the nationalities of the artists. The artists are

Tower Cranes Essay Example for Free

Tower Cranes Essay Force Force can be defined as that which causes a mass to accelerate. Force has common units of pounds force (lbs) or Newtons ? Acceleration (F=MÂ ·A). In other words 1 Newton is the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram by 1 m/sec2, or 1 pound force is the force required to accelerate 1 slug by 1 foot/ sec2. You will notice that the imperial unit for force is pounds force and not just pounds. There is a common inaccuracy in our language that is only really important when talking about physics. The word weight truly refers to a force – this is why your weight on the moon is not the same as your weight on earth. To fully understand this we need to dissect the mathematical meaning behind the force term. Two components go into calculating a force; the first is mass, the second is acceleration. What is mass? Mass is the amount of stuff present in a given sample, lets say a person. A person’s mass will be the same whether on earth or the moon – in both places that person is made up of the same amount of stuff. Mass has two common units; kilograms (kg) and slugs. So a person might have a mass of 70 kg or 4. 78 slugs. For the example of weight, or the downward static force exerted by an object, the acceleration of interest is the acceleration due to gravity. The acceleration due to gravity can be defined as the pull one object exerts on another. For this pull to be felt, one of the objects has to be extremely massive. For most people the most massive object they will encounter is the earth. The acceleration due to gravity on the earth is 9. meters/sec2 or 32. 2 feet/sec2. So a person on earth might weigh (70kg x 9. 8m/sec2) = 686 Newtons or (4. 78 slugs x 32. 2 feet/sec2) = 154 lbs. On the moon the same person will weigh (70kg x 1. 62 m/sec2) = 113 Newtons or (4. 78 slugs x 5. 32 ft/ sec2) = 25 lbs. So when a person says they weigh 154 lbs they are being true to physics, but when they say they weigh 154 kg, they’re actually referring to their mass. As a further twist, it’s also interesting to note that the acceleration due to gravity changes with altitude. So your weight at sea level will be slightly different that your weight at the top of a mountain (Newton’s law of gravitation Fg = G ? gravitational constant). ? kg ? m ? . The equation used to mathematically define force is Force = Mass x 2 ? ? sec ? m1 ? m2 , where G is the r2 Stress Stress is defined as force per unit area and has the common units of Pounds force per Square Inch (psi) or Pascals (Pa) (a Pascal is a Newton per square meter or kg/m sec2). In construction there are five basic types of stress which concern engineers. These are bending, tensile, compressive, shear, and torsional stress (see picture below). For the purpose of building Popsicle stick bridges we are really only interested in bending, compression, and tensile stresses. When we take a close look at bending we’ll see that it is just a combination of tensile and compressive stresses. Of these three types of stress tensile is perhaps the easiest to measure. As a result engineers will take samples of material and, using special machines, subject them to higher and higher tensile loads until they break. By dividing the force at which the sample breaks by the cross sectional area of the sample the materials Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) can be determined. The ultimate tensile stress is given the symbol ? (Greek letter sigma), and essentially represents the strength of a material. For comparisons sake a sample of plain carbon steel might have a UTS of 50,000 psi, while pine (which is what Popsicle sticks are made of) might have a UTS of 1,000 psi. It is important to recognize that UTS is not the only important consideration when selecting a material, but material selection is a bit outside the scope of this summary. Let’s take a closer look at tension and compression. Tension is the stress an element experiences when exposed to a pulling force. To get a feeling for tension think about a piece of string. String can only experience tension; it is not able to resist pushing or bending. Compression is the opposite of tension; it’s the stress an element experiences when exposed to a pushing force. Sand is an example of a substance which can only experience compression. A column of sand can support a large load, but is unable to resist any pulling force. As most materials have different tensile and compressive loading potentials, it is important to know what sort of forces will be exerted on every member in a building or bridge. Bending combines both tensile and compressive forces in a single element. To demonstrate this, take a look at the picture below. It’s pretty obvious from this picture that bending puts one face into tension while the other is in compression. It also logically follows from this conclusion that at some point between the two faces there must be a point where there is no tension or compression. This point is called the neutral axis. The mass of material above and below the neutral axis will always be equal. So in a symmetrical member the neutral axis will be along the midline, but will not necessarily be along the midline in an irregularly shaped member. This simple concept of leverage can be used to explain several more complex concepts in structural engineering. The first is why it’s easier to break a Popsicle stick when it’s bent on its flat side as opposed to its edge. To explain this we have to explain the concept of leverage. This one is pretty simple and can easily be demonstrated by the classroom door. Leverage (also called moment or torque) occurs when a force is applied to an object which can rotate about a pivot point. In the case of the classroom door the pivot is the hinge and the force applied comes from the person wanting to open the door. In the case of bending a Popsicle stick the pivot is the neutral axis and the force we’re concerned with is the tension or compression on the outside faces. Moment is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance from the point of force application to the pivot. If you increase the applied force, or the distance from the pivot point, the moment increases. That’s why door handles are put as far from the hinge as possible – we make the distance from the point of force application to the pivot point as large as possible, that way a small applied force will create a large moment. So the Popsicle stick is harder to break when bent on edge because we’ve increased the distance from the neutral axis to the point of maximum force. Explain the difference between tensile, bending, and compressive forces with examples of the equations used to calculate each. Explain truss elements and why they are a superior way of building a bridge. Sample FEM output for simple bridge design o Calculate the amount of popsicle sticks required to make a simple beam with the same strength as a truss element. Hints on building a strong bridge o Truss o Strength comes from the Popsicle sticks, not the glue – but well glued joints are a must. Additional information: http://andrew. triumf. ca/andrew/popsicle-bridge/ http://www. eir. ca/resources/presentations/Bridges%20-%20By%20Doug%20Knight. doc

Agricultural Climate Adaptation: Pakistan Wheat Industry

Agricultural Climate Adaptation: Pakistan Wheat Industry Agricultural Climate Adaptation plan:  A Case Study of Pakistan wheat industry Lubna Naz 1.0  Introduction 1.1 Global warming as a result of climate change is projecting higher temperature and unpredicted rainfall pattern coupled with extreme events like flash floods and storm. This never seen before phenomena would be a threat to mankind in all sphere of life if no appropriate actions are taken. As elaborated in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of IPCC (2007), the average temperature of the globe has risen to 0.6 °C between the year 1901 to 2000 and will projected to increase more by 1.8-3.4  °C by the end of this century. 1.2 Agriculture among the various sector of the economy of Pakistan is considered to be the most fragile sector to the unexpected changes in the climate that not only affect the amount of its production and quality but also put pressure on the availability of natural resources needed for the development of agriculture sector. Concurrently, wheat being an important agricultural industry for the economy of Pakistan is not spared from the effects of climate change. As a matter of concern, it is fundamental for all associates of the industry together with policy and decision makers to work out an adaptation strategy on how to overcome the negative impact of climate change and continue to remain a competitive sector. Successful and effective adaptation measures will need both strategic and tactical approach that based on best practices to cope with the adverse effect of climate change. Furthermore, an efficient screening and monitoring will also be needed in order to have better evaluatio n of the adapted practices that whether they are effective in controlling and minimizing the unfortunate impact of climate change. 1.3 The rise in temperature, unpredicted rainfall coupled with the increase intensity of extreme events such as drought and stress all have significant impact on the wheat industry in Pakistan. High Rainfall results in flood, waterlogged condition and hail damage that negatively affect the wheat production. As a consequence, infestation of insect, pest and diseases outbreaks and result in severe damage and in some cases even complete crop loss. Similarly, increase in temperature also negatively affects the yield of the wheat and cause major economic loss in Pakistan. As reported by Rasul et al. (2011) the rise in temperature greatly reduced the wheat yield in Pakistan particularly at sowing time and grain filling period. Furthermore, Rawson and Macpherson (2000) also reported that wheat crop destroyed faster in waterlogged conditions and as a consequence seedlings of wheat die within two days and thus resulted in low yield. Apart from the low yield other identified impact of climate change on wheat industry is decrease in GDP, decrease in foreign exchange, effect policy making, penalties by buyer; for unable to supply the required amount of wheat grains, difficulty in transportation, outspread of insect and pest, affect the livelihood of the farmers and as consequence disturb the economy of the country. Many potential adaption measures such as crop management practices, new varieties, crop rotation and water management are used in wheat industry in Pakistan. However, these practices need to be customized, improve or incorporated in different ways to cope with the adverse effect of climate change. 2.0 Adaptation plan Appropriate adaptation plan is required in the wheat industry to minimize and prevent the damage caused by the adverse effect of climate change and increase the production and yield of the crop. Well planned and early adaptation strategies will not only save cost of production and cultivation techniques but in long term save millions of lives that depend on agriculture sector for their livelihood and employment. The adaptation strategies are needed at all levels of administration like local, regional and national. Therefore the objective of this paper is to set up an adaptation and mitigation plan for wheat industry in Pakistan to eradicate or minimize the challenges caused by high temperature, unpredicted rainfall and extreme weather condition. 2.1 Government involvement Pakistan is signatory to 15 Multilateral Environmental Agreements which is mainly related to climate change, biodiversity and rehabilitation. On the basis of its international commitments, Pakistan established a number of policies, projects and framework to reduce the environmental hazards such as National Disaster management Authority, Global Change Impact Study Centre and Task Force on Climate Change. However, the country is still in the hunt for further international assistance and support (khan et al. 2013). The government of Pakistan together with all the agencies involved should focus on capacity building, circulation of funds and technology, research for agriculture development, institution and framework and therefore, develop effective adaptation strategies and policies to reduce the vulnerability of wheat industry regarding changes in climate. 2.2New breeding program 2.2.1As describe earlier, temperature and rainfall both has devastating effect on wheat grain yield in Pakistan. Successful and productive plant breeding program is needed to be adapted to enhance the production and yield. The temperature is projected to increase in the northern areas of Pakistan coupled with high rainfall, in such area slow maturing cultivars having greater heat requirement should be planted that have positive effect on the photosynthetic activity of wheat. However, the region with the high temperature and decrease rainfall (arid and semi arid plains of Pakistan) the wheat cultivars having early flowering characteristics with wide row spacing should be sown as this will allow grain formation in cooler part of the year (Van Ittersum et al. 2003). Moreover, seed with good crop establishment, early hybrid vigour, responsive to increase in carbon dioxide concentration and ability to retain flower in windy and hot climate is needed to be planted (Richards 2002). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that crop varieties resistant to high temperature and of short duration should be planted in order to minimize the adverse impact of high temperature. 2.2.2 High temperature is expected to reduce the risk of frost and increase the grain yield. Therefore, wheat should be sown earlier so that plant can set up the grain formation in the cooler period when there is low risk of frost (Howden et al. 1999). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that alternative sowing dates should be used to avoid the adverse impact of high temperature on the crop at the time of sowing or other sensitive growth stages. 2.1.3 The climate change favours the infestation of insect, pest and diseases which lowered the yield of the crop. The best measure is to use integrated pest management strategy and Area Wide Management that is the coordination of the farmers and the policy makers of the entire areas. Furthermore, the use of genetically modified crop resistant to peat and disease should be introduced and cultural practices need to be modified such as mixed cropping and crop rotation to reduce the spread of disease (Stokes Howden 2008).Pakistan Agricultural research and development sector is focusing on all these strategies and development of new varieties of wheat to reduce the risk of climate change. 2.3Crop rotation and management Various crop management practices can be used to reduce the risk of the wheat crop to environmental hazards. Such as in case of heavy rainfall the growers need to adapt the zero tillage practices so as to have greater infiltration. Avoid compaction of the soil by farm, machines, human and livestock traffic (Easterling et al, 2007). However, in poor rainfall areas of Pakistan wide rows and skip row planting should be practiced to increase the yield and stability of the wheat. Hammer et al. (1996) reported that the timing, variety of the crop and rate of fertilizer application should be based on the seasonal rainfall and available soil moisture and nutrient content of the soil. Furthermore, use of modern agriculture technology like laser land levelling and crop diversification should also be included into consideration. 2.4  Milling quality 2.4.1 Wheat grain contain high level of protein content such as durum wheat but increasing level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere negatively affect protein content and hence reduce its flour quality. However, the reduction depend on the choice of cultivar selected and amount of nitrogen fertiliser applied (Rogers et al, 1998). To maintain the nitrogen content of the wheat grain, increase use of leguminous crop or increase use of nitrogen fertilizer need to be adopted (Hayman and Alston 1999). The growers should continuously monitor the nitrogen content of the paddock and should be well aware of the nitrogen management in the cropping system. Furthermore, nitrogen leaching, poor crop vigour, high rainfall during grain filling all contribute to decrease in protein content of the grain. Appropriate breeding program and effective policies is needed to enhance the quality of the harvest. 2.4.2 During the past 60 years there has been tremendous increase in flour mills in Pakistan. Starting with 19 flour mills, currently, 915 mills are working in Pakistan. It is therefore proposed that instead of having too many flour mills, only few huge mills should be accomplished which will positively affect the economy of the country. 2.5land and Water resource Management 2.5.1 Water is enormously important for agriculture sector of Pakistan and it economy, which depends on the scarce natural resources. The agricultural sector of Pakistan mainly depends on Indus river system (IRS) for 90% of its irrigation (Piracha and Majeed 2011). However, this natural resource is getting scarce with the time and proper water management practices should be reformed under the prevalence of climate change. According to Sayed (2008), the National Water Policy of the country has made a transparent and rational institutional framework policy to meet the demands of the twenty first century. Moreover, the Integrated Water Management Approach is also implemented based that is based on the utilization of both surface and ground water. The author also mentions that reallocation of water at the provincial level by balancing water availability to cropping system is one of the important task of the National Water Policy. Furthermore, according to Iqbal et al. (2009) present irri gation system of Pakistan need be customised to maximise the water use efficiency and appropriate irrigation technology should be used. Furthermore, the author also mentions that alteration in row spacing and the use of drought tolerant varieties need to be used to minimize the loss of water. The construction of small dams and checks on the Indus River and its tributaries would increase storage of water and decrease the severity of floods. 2.5.2  The unpredicted rainfall, rise in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration negative affect the composition of soil. The loss of nutrient such is phosphorus and nitrogen through surface runoff and leaching negatively affect the growth of the wheat. As reported by Hayman and Alston 1999 proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be added to the paddock in order to have good crop establishment. Moreover, proper soil management practices should be adopted to minimise the risk of surface runoff and leaching. 2.6  Transport infrastructure Hike in temperature as well as increase intensity and frequency of extreme events such as heavy rain, snowfall and flood have substantial impact on the transport infrastructure of Pakistan and cause severe destruction of railways, roads, shipping and airports. Effective adaptation measures should be taken to increase the resilience of infrastructure and this could be done by two ways. The first one is to construct the new infrastructure according to the magnitude and sensitivity of the particular area to the present and future predicted climate. Secondly the existing infrastructure should be made more resistant to changing climate by retrofitting and continues monitoring and maintenance. 2.7  Seasonal weather forecast As reported by Iqbal et al. (2009) the advance seasonal forecast is one of the best options to take appropriate adaptive measures. Furthermore, Crimp et al. (2006) also elaborated that â€Å"using climate information (seasonal forecast) in conjunction with system analysis producer can significantly reduce various risks†. On the basis of weather forecast, farmers need to adopt different operations. Such as if forecast is about the drier weather the farmers need to apply split application of some of nitrogen fertilizer to ensure good planting, and also maximize no till area. But if the forecast is about wetter season then farmers should sow the wheat earlier and apply fungicide to minimize the effect of leaf disease of wheat (Meinke and Hochman, 2000). 2.8  Disaster risk reduction Unpredicted pattern of monsoon rain and melting of glacier due to rise in temperature increase the level of water in the Indus Delta of Pakistan and subsequently these phenomena result in flooding. Effective strategic plan is required to maintain the continuous and balance water flow in the river and to meet the future demands of the society. As reported by sheikh et al. (2008) expansion of the natural reservoir capacity is needed in order to decrease the risk of flooding and drought and to address the consequent decrease in the river flow after all glacier have been melted. Moreover, the authors also mention that the reservoir should also be expanded in order provide the minimum water flow to the sea to prevent the intrusion of the water into the Indus delta region and to meet the future needs of the water. 2.9  Economy and Financial institution 2.9.1 As stated earlier, Pakistan economy largely depends on agriculture sector and wheat is the main staple crop of the country. The decrease in yield and quality of wheat has negative impact on the economy of Pakistan. In order to minimise the burden on the economy of Pakistan, development of new policies and appropriate measures to be implemented that could help in eradicating the hazards and catching the positive effects of climate. 2.9.2 Loan policies of financial institution can greatly limit the option for the growers to adjust farm management practices in light of change. These financial institutions may have to change their policies according to the needs of the farmer and predicted changes in the environment. Moreover, they should support and educate the farmers about onward selling and play constructive role the industry. 3.0  Barriers to adaptation strategies 3.1 Pakistan being an agriculture country is extremely vulnerable to climate change. However, Pakistan does not have the proper monitoring and screening system for the prediction of extreme events like flood, storm or changes in the climate that makes the development of short term adaptation strategies and mitigation measures immensely difficult. Although several weather station are working in different parts of the countries, but still due to the diverse topography some significant region are left uncovered (Climate Risk Adaptation Profile 2011). Moreover, the existing findings proposed that Karakorum glacier are expanding but these finding are based on the restrictive information of glacier snouts and suggest that loss of mass in Karakorum glacier reduce the quality and availability of water. As reported by to Sheik et al. (2008), there is a lack of current knowledge and evaluation techniques on the effect of climate change on the Hindu Kush region and lack of understanding and mod el assessment of glacier melting pattern and flow of water in Indus River. All these need to be address in order to have better evaluation of the problem. Moreover, the Hunza river basin has no meteorological station that severely constraint the utilization of Model River flows under climate change. References Piracha, A., and Majeed, Z. (2011). Water Use in Pakistan’s Agricultural Sector: Water Conservation under the Changed Climatic Conditions. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments 1(3): 170-179. Climate Risk and Adaptation country profile. (2011). Vulnerability, risk reduction and adaptation to climate change Pakistan. Global facility for disaster reduction and recovery. Crimp S, Gaydon D, Howden M, Hall, C, Poulton P, Hochman Z. (2006) Managing Natural Resource Issues in a Variable and Changing Climate. Final Report to Land and Water Australia, Managing Climate Variability Program. pp86. Easterling, W.E., Aggarwal,P.K., Batima,P., Brander,K.M,. Erda, L., Howden, S.M., Kirilenko, A., Morton, J., Soussana,J.F., Schmidhuber, J., and Tubiello, F.N.(2007): Food, fibre and forest products. Climate Change 2007. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Hammer, G.L., Holzworth, D.P. and Stone, R. (1996) The value of skill in seasonal forecasting to wheat crop management in a region with high climatic variability. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 47: 717-737. Howden, S.M., Reyenga, P.J., and Meinke, H. (1999) Global Change Impacts on Australian Wheat Cropping. Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office. CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology Working Paper 99/04, Canberra, pp121. IPCC (2007): Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Climate Change 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Iqbal, M.M., Arif, Goherr, M. A., and Khan, A. M. (2009). Climate-change aspersions on food security of Pakistan. A scientific journal of COMSATS – SCIENCE VISION. Vol.15 (1). Khan, F., Ahmad, A, and Atta-ur-Rehman. (2013). Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) in Pakistan. Appraisal and Design Phase Report. Meinke, H. and Hochman, Z. 2000. Using seasonal climate forecasts to manage dryland crops in northern Australia. In: Hammer, G.L., Nicholls, N., Mitchell C. (eds.) Applications of seasonal climate forecasting in agriculture and natural ecosystems: The Australian experience. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p 149-165. Rasul, G., Chaudhry, Q. Z., Mahmood, A., and Hyder, K. W. (2011). Effect of Temperature Rise on Crop Growth Productivity. pakistan journal of meteorology, 8 (15). Rawson, H. M., and Macpherson, H. G. (2000). Irrigated Wheat: Managing Your Crop. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp 27-28. Rogers,G.S., Gras P.W., Batey I.L., Milham P.J., Payne, L., and Conroy, J.P. (1998) The influence of atmospheric CO2 concentration on the protein, starch and mixing properties of wheat flour. Aust J Plant Physiology 25:387-393. Richards, R.A. (2002). Current and emerging environmental challenges in Australian agriculture- the role of plant breeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 881-892. Sheikh, M. M., Iqbal, M. M., Ali, G., and Khan, A. M. (2008). Global warming in the context of Pakistan: major concerns and remedial strategies. Symposium on â€Å"Changing Environmental Pattern and its impact with Special Focus on Pakistan†. Stokes, C.J., and Howden, S.M. (2008). An overview of climate change adaptation in Australian primary industries – impacts, options and priorities. Report prepared for the National Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries. Sayed, A.H. (2008). Climate change and its realities for Pakistan. Manager Policy, Freshwater World Wide Fund for Nature, Pakistan. Symposium on â€Å"Changing Environmental Pattern and its impact with Special Focus on Pakistan†. van Ittersum, M.K., Howden, S.M., Asseng, S. (2003) Sensitivity of productivity and deep drainage of wheat cropping systems in a Mediterranean environment to changes in CO2, temperature and precipitation, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 97:255-273.